확장기능:Scribunto/참고를 위한 Lua 설명서

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이 매뉴얼 문서는 미디어위키에서 Scribunto 확장 기능을 통하여 사용되는 Lua 에 대하여 설명합니다. 일부분은 MIT 라이선스로 배포되는 루아 5.1 레퍼런스 매뉴얼에서 가져왔습니다.

이 페이지는 Scribunto의 최신 버전을 다룹니다. 몇몇 기능들은 아직 완성되지 않았을 수도 있습니다.

소개

시작하기

Scribunto가 활성화된 미디어위키 위키에서는 문서 제목을 모듈:로 시작함으로써 모듈 문서를 생성할 수 있습니다. (예: Module:Bananas) 페이지를 만들었으면, 다음 텍스트를 복사하세요.

local p = {} --p는 패키지를 의미합니다

function p.hello( frame )
    return "Hello, world!"
end

return p

이것을 저장하고, 모듈이 아닌 이름 공간에 쓰세요. 연습장과 같은 이름공간이 될 수 있습니다:

{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}

Bananas 모듈을 다른 모듈명으로 바꾸는 경우를 제외한다면, 이 파서함수는 모듈안의 hello 함수를 호출합니다. 파서함수 {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}는 Hello, world!로 대체되어 표시됩니다.

Lua 코드를 틀 안에서 #invoke:를 이용해 호출하는 것이 좋습니다. 페이지 호출의 관점에서 틀의 작동 방식은 Lua로 쓰여졌는지 위키텍스트로 쓰여졌는지에 관계 없이 독립적으로 작동할 뿐입니다. 따라서 이는 위키의 콘텐트 이름공간 문서들의 문법이 복잡해지는 것을 방지해줍니다.

모듈 개발하기

모듈은 반드시 {{#invoke:}}에서 호출될 함수를 담은 루아 테이블을 반환해야 합니다. 보통은 위의 예제처럼 테이블에 대한 지역변수가 정의되고, 함수들이 그 테이블에 추가되며, 그리고 그 테이블은 모듈 코드 끝에서 반환됩니다.

지역이든 전역이든 그 테이블에 추가되지 않는 함수는 {{#invoke:}}에서 접근할 수 없을겁니다. 하지만 전역 함수는 require()를 사용해 불러옴으로써 다른 모듈에서 접근할 수 있을겁니다. 이건 대체로 모듈에 대한 모든 함수와 변수를 로컬로 선언하는데 좋은 방식일겁니다.

위키텍스트에서 매개 변수에 접근하기

{{#invoke:}}에서 실행된 함수는 프레임 객체가 단독 인자로 전달됩니다. {{#invoke:}}에서 전달된 파라미터에 접근하려면 코드는 일반적으로 프레임 객체의 args 테이블을 씁니다. frame:getParent()를 쓰고 그 프레임의 args에 접근함으로써 {{#invoke:}}를 포함한 틀의 파라미터에 접근하는 것 역시 가능합니다.

이 프레임 객체는 파서 함수를 실행하고, 틀을 전개하고, 위키텍스트 문자열을 자유롭게 전개하는 등 위키텍스트 파서의 상황에 맞는 기능에 접근하는데에도 사용됩니다.

텍스트 반환하기

모듈의 함수들은 일반적으로 한 개의 문자열을 반환해야 합니다. 반환될 값은 tostring()을 거쳐 구분 단위가 없이 병합되어 있어야 합니다. 이 문자열은 {{#invoke:}}의 결과로써 위키텍스트 안에 포함됩니다.

이 시점에서는 위키 마크업 처리계는 파서함수나 확장태그나 문서 저장 전에 행하는 변환처리(서명을 가르키는 물결표 --~~~~나 파이프 트릭 )을 처리하거나 하고 있는 단계입니다. 그렇기 때문에 루아측의 함수가 반환하는 문자열에 이들의 위키 마크업에 해당하는 부분 문자열이 있으면, 그것들도 위키 마크업으로 처리되게 됩니다. 예를들면, 루아측의 함수가 ‘"안녕, [[아기]]야. 내가 {{엄마}}야. "’라는 문자열을 반환했다고 하면, 위키백과의 문서로의 표시는 ‘안녕, 아기야. 내가 {{엄마}}야.’가 됩니다.

문자열 대체는 가장 첫 단계에서 처리되므로 {{subst:#invoke:}}를 써넣어서 문자열 대체가 시도되는 서로 다른 기능이 실행될 수 있게 해야 합니다. 문자열 대체가 실패할 경우 위키텍스트로 남기 때문에 이들은 다음 편집에서 처리되게 됩니다. 일반적으로 이를 피하는 것이 좋습니다.

모듈 설명문서

Scribunto는 모듈이 위키텍스트 설명문서를 자동적으로 연결하여 문서화되는 걸 가능하게 해줍니다. '/설명문서' 하위 문서는 이 목적을 위해 모듈의 원본 코드 상단에 끼워넣어집니다. 예를 들어 '모듈:Bananas'의 설명문서는 '모듈:Bananas/설명문서'가 됩니다.

이것은 다음과 같은 도움말:시스템 메시지 로 조정할 수 있습니다.

scribunto-doc-page-name — 설명문서로 사용되는 문서의 이름의 기본값을 설정합니다. 모듈: 이름공간을 적지 않으며, 모듈의 이름이 (설정 이름)으로 전달됩니다. 문서명을 모듈 이름 공간에 지정하는 것은 Lua 코드가 아닌 위키텍스트로 해석되며 {{#invoke:}}와 함께 사용되지 않습니다. 기본값은 '모듈:(모듈명)/설명문서'이며 설명문서는 모듈의 하위문서입니다. 파서 함수와 여타 다른 {{ }}와 같은 중괄호 표현식은 이 시스템 메시지에서는 쓰이지 않는다는 걸 참고하세요.
scribunto-doc-page-does-not-exist — 모듈 설명문서가 없을 경우 기본적으로 표시되는 문구를 설정합니다. 페이지명은 $1로 넘겨주기 됩니다. 기본적으로 빈 내용을 표시합니다.
scribunto-doc-page-show — 설명 문서가 존재할 때 수행하는 동작을 설정합니다. 페이지명은 $1로 넘겨주기 됩니다. 기본값으로 설정할 경우 설명문서가 끼워넣어 집니다.
scribunto-doc-page-header — 모듈 설명문서에 기본적으로 표시되는 문구(Header)를 수정합니다. 설명문서가 포함된 모듈 이름 공간은 $1로 넘겨주기 됩니다. 기본적으로 기울여짐 글씨체로 쓰인 짧은 영어 설명을 보여줍니다.

모듈은 분류를 직접 삽입하는 것이 불가하며, 다른 위키간 링크로 불러올 수 없다는 것을 유의해야 합니다. 설명문서를 끼워넣기 태그인 ‎<includeonly>...‎</includeonly> 안에 위치시키면 이는 설명 문서에 끼워넣어져 보여집니다.

모듈의 넘겨주기 처리

문서를 넘겨주기 처리하기 위해서는 동작 > 도구를 이용하여 문서를 이동하면 됩니다. 아마 설명문서뿐만 아니라 모듈 그 자체를 옮기려 할 수도 있습니다.

수동으로 넘겨주기 처리를 하려면 다음 문구를 삽입하면 됩니다.

return require [[Module:Foo]]

Foo는 넘겨주기 처리하려는 모듈 이름으로 바꿔넣으면 됩니다.

루아 언어

토큰

루아에서 식별자라고도 하는 이름은 글자, 숫자, 언더스코어(밑줄 기호를 말함 _)에 해당하는 모든 문자열로 지을 수 있습니다. 이름은 대소문자를 구별하며, "foo", "Foo", "FOO"를 모두 다른 이름으로 인식합니다.

다음 단어들은 예약되어 있어 이름으로 쓰일 수 없습니다.

and
break
do
else
elseif
end
false
for
function
if
in
local
nil
not
or
repeat
return
then
true
until
while

밑줄과 대문자 글자로 시작하는 이름은 루아 전역 변수로 예약되어 있습니다.

이름으로 쓰일 수 없는 또 다른 문자는 다음과 같습니다.

#
%
(
)
*
+
,
-
--
.
..
...
/
:
;
<
<=
=
==
>
>=
[
]
^
{
}
~=

주석

앞에 --를 붙이면 주석 처리가 됩니다. --이 대괄호 바로 뒤에 붙으면 여러 줄에 걸쳐서 쓸 수 있습니다. 주석이 끝나는 곳에 대괄호를 넣지 않으면 주석이 마지막 줄까지 처리됩니다.

-- 루아의 주석은 두 개의 붙임표로 시작하며 그 줄의 끝까지 적용됩니다.
--[[ 여러 줄의 문자열과 주석은
     이중 중괄호 안에 입력합니다. ]]
--[=[ 이런 주석은 안에 또 다른 --[[주석을]] 입력할 수 있습니다. ]=]
--[==[ 이런 주석은 안에 다른
      --[===[ 긴 --[=[주석]=] --을
        ]===] 여러 번 넣을 수 있고, 모든 주석은
      --[[ 긴 괄호에 제한되지 않습니다! ]===]
  ]==]

자료형

Lua는 동적 자료형 언어로 변수나 함수에 명시적으로 자료형을 지정하지 않으며, 해당 변수와 함수에 어떤 값을 할당하는지에 따라 달라집니다. 모든 값은 각각의 자료형이 존재합니다.

Lua는 8가지 기본 자료형을 가지고 있지만, Scribunto에 구현된 확장 프로그램에서는 6가지를 사용합니다. type() 함수는 값의 유형을 반환합니다.

tostring() 함수는 값을 문자열로 변환합니다. tonumber()는 가능한 경우 값을 숫자로 변환하고 그렇지 않으면 0으로 반환합니다. 값을 다른 데이터 타입으로 변환하는 명시적인 기능은 없습니다.

숫자는 문자열이 들어가야 하는 공간에 쓰여질 경우 자동으로 문자열로 변환됩니다. 예를 들어, 숫자가 연결 연산자와 함께 사용되는 경우 문자열로 자동 변환됩니다. tonumber()에서 인식되는 문자열은 산술 연산자와 사용되면 자동으로 숫자로 변환됩니다. 불리언 값을 적어넣는 공간에서는 0 및 false 이외의 모든 값이 참으로 간주됩니다.

nil

"nil"은 값이 없음을 나타내는 nil의 독립된 자료형입니다.

nil을 테이블의 키로 작동하지 않으며 테이블 키를 할당하지 않은 상태로 두는 것과 nil 값을 키값으로 할당하는 것은 서로 다를 바가 없습니다.

nil을 문자열로 표현하고 싶다면 nil과 같이 적는 게 좋습니다. 그렇지 않으면 nil을 사용하는 것은 false로 인식되므로, 불리언 값으로 변환되게 됩니다.

참고: 루아에서 nil과 아무 값도 할당하지 않는 것은 매우 제한된 상황에서만 다르게 작동합니다. 예를 들어 tostring(nil)은 문자열 "nil"을 반환하지만, tostring()은 첫 번째 매개변수가 빠졌다는 오류를 출력할 것입니다. 이러한 차이가 발생하는 것은 select() 함수와 부분적으로 관련이 있습니다. For example, tostring(nil) returns "nil", but tostring() throws an error, as the first parameter is required. This distinction is particularly relevant to the select() function.

부울

부울 값은 true와 false가 있습니다.

문자열로 바꿨을때, 값은 "true"나 "false"가 됩니다.

Unlike many other languages, boolean values may not be directly converted to numbers. And unlike many other languages, only false and nil are considered false for boolean conversion; the number 0 and the empty string are both considered true.

문자열

Lua strings are considered a series of 8-bit bytes; it is up to the application to interpret them in any particular encoding.

String literals may be delimited by either single or double quotes (' or "); like JavaScript and unlike PHP, there is no difference between the two. The following escape sequences are recognized:

\a (bell, byte 7)
\b (backspace, byte 8)
\t (horizontal tab, byte 9)
\n (newline, byte 10)
\v (vertical tab, byte 11)
\f (form feed, byte 12)
\r (carriage return, byte 13)
\" (double quote, byte 34)
\' (single quote, byte 39)
\\ (backslash, byte 92)

A literal newline may also be included in a string by preceding it with a backslash. Bytes may also be specified using an escape sequence '\ddd', where ddd is the decimal value of the byte in the range 0–255. To include Unicode characters using escape sequences, the individual bytes for the UTF-8 encoding must be specified; in general, it will be more straightforward to enter the Unicode characters directly.

Literal strings can also be defined using long brackets. An opening long bracket consists of an opening square bracket followed by zero or more equal signs followed by another opening square bracket, e.g. [[, [=[, or [=====[. The opening long bracket must be matched by the corresponding closing long bracket, e.g. ]], ]=], or ]=====]. As a special case, if an opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline then the newline is not included in the string, but a newline just before the closing long bracket is kept. Strings delimited by long brackets do not interpret escape sequences.

-- This long string
foo = [[
bar\tbaz
]]

-- is equivalent to this quote-delimited string
foo = 'bar\\tbaz\n'

Note that all strings are considered true when converted to boolean. This is unlike most other languages, where the empty string is usually considered false.

숫자

Lua has only one numeric type, which is typically represented internally as a 64-bit double-precision floating-point value. In this format, integers between -9007199254740991 (-2⁵³ + 1) and 9007199254740991 (2⁵³ - 1) may be represented exactly; larger numbers and numbers with a fractional part may suffer from round-off error.

Number constants are specified using a period (.) as a decimal separator and without grouping separators, e.g. 123456.78. Numbers may also be represented using E notation without spaces, e.g. 1.23e-10, 123.45e20, or 1.23E+5. Integers may also be specified in hexadecimal notation using a 0x prefix, e.g. 0x3A.

A handful of number values are handled in a special way:

Postive and negative infinity, which evalute to being greater or less than every other number, respectively (except the NaNs - see below). These can be accessed in two ways: through the math library, as math.huge and -math.huge, or through numerical operations such as 1/0 and -1/0.
Lua occasionally distinguishes 0 and -0 (see the IEEE 754 for more information on signed zeros). 0 and -0 are strictly equivalent for almost all purposes, but behave differently in a small number of numerical operations (e.g. 1/0 returns infinity, while 1/-0 returns negative infinity). The distinction also affects conversions from number to string (and vice-versa).
Positive and negative NaN (standing for Not a Number). No constant is provided for either of these, but 0/0 evaluates to negative NaN. Note that both NaNs have the unique quality that any comparison which involves them evaluates to false (which means they do not even evaluate as being equal to themselves). The only practical distinction between the two is on type conversion to and from string (see below).

Note that all numbers (including 0, -0, the infinities and NaNs) are considered true when converted to boolean. This is unlike most other languages, where 0 is usually considered false. When converted to a string, finite numbers are represented in decimal, and E notation if 10¹⁴ or greater (e.g. "1e+14"); the infinities are "inf" and "-inf"; and the NaNs are "nan" and "-nan".

Known bug: the Lua interpreter will treat all instances of 0 and -0 as whichever of the two is encountered first when the script is compiled, which means that the return values of tostring(0), 1/-0 (and so on) are affected by where they occur in the code. This can cause unexpected results, particularly if all instances of 0 are converted to "-0" on return. If necessary, this can be circumvented by generating zero values using tonumber("0") and tonumber("-0"), which doesn't seem to cause or be affected by the issue. See [1].

테이블

Lua tables are associative arrays, much like PHP arrays and JavaScript objects.

Tables are created using curly braces. The empty table is {}. To populate fields on creation, a comma- and/or semicolon-separated list of field specifiers may be included in the braces. These take any of several forms:

[expression1] = expression2 uses the (first) value of expression1 as the key and the (first) value of expression2 as the value.
name = expression is equivalent to ["name"] = expression
expression is roughly equivalent to [i] = expression, where i is an integer starting at 1 and incrementing with each field specification of this form. If this is the last field specifier and the expression has multiple values, all values are used; otherwise only the first is kept.

The fields in a table are accessed using bracket notation, e.g. table[key]. String keys that are also valid names may also be accessed using dot notation, e.g. table.key is equivalent to table['key']. Calling a function that is a value in the table may use colon notation; for example, table:func( ... ), which is equivalent to table['func']( table, ... ) or table.func( table, ... ).

An array (also called a sequence or list) is a table with non-nil values for all positive integers from 1 to N and no value (nil) for all positive integers greater than N. Many Lua functions operate only on arrays, and ignore non-positive-integer keys.

Unlike many other languages such as PHP or JavaScript, any value except nil and NaN may be used as a key and no type conversion is performed. These are all valid and distinct:

-- 아래의 예제는 테이블을 선언합니다.
t = {}
t["foo"] = "foo"
t.bar = "bar"
t[1] = "1"
t[2] = "2"
t[3] = "3"
t[12] = "숫자 자료형 12"
t["12"] = "문자열 12"
t[true] = "true"
t[tonumber] = "함수도 테이블의 키로 사용될 수 있습니다."
t[t] = "테이블도 키가 될 수 있습니다. 스스로를 키로 가질 수도 있습니다."

-- 아래와 같이 써도 위의 것과 동일한 테이블이 생성됩니다.
t2 = {
    foo = "foo",
    bar = "bar",
    "1",
    "2",
    [12] = "숫자 자료형 12",
    ["12"] = "문자열 12",
    "3",
    [true] = "true",
    [tonumber] = "yes, even functions may be table keys",
}
t2[t2] = "yes, a table may be a table key too. Even in itself."

Similarly, any value except nil may be stored as a value in a table. Storing nil is equivalent to deleting the key from the table, and accessing any key that has not been set will result in a nil value.

Note that tables are never implicitly copied in Lua; if a table is passed as an argument to the function and the function manipulates the keys or values in the table, those changes will be visible in the caller.

When converted to a string, the usual result is "table" but may be overridden using the __tostring metamethod. Even the empty table is considered true as a boolean.

함수

Functions in Lua are first-class values: they may be created anonymously, passed as arguments, assigned to variables, and so on.

Functions are created using the function keyword, and called using parentheses. Syntactic sugar is available for named functions, local functions, and functions that act like member functions to a table. See Function declarations and Function calls below for details.

Lua functions are closures, meaning that they maintain a reference to the scope in which they are declared and can access and manipulate variables in that scope.

Like tables, if a function is assigned to a different variable or passed as an argument to another function, it is still the same underlying "function object" that will be called.

When converted to a string, the result is "function".

지원되지 않는 타입

The userdata type is used to hold opaque values for extensions to Lua written in other languages; for example, a userdata might be used to hold a C pointer or struct. To allow for use of Scribunto in hosting environments where custom-compiled code is not allowed, no such extensions are used.

The thread type represents the handles for coroutines, which are not available in Scribunto's sandbox.

함수안에서 값 증가시키기

There is a strict limit of max 60 unique upvalues acessed inside a function. An upvalue is a value declared outside of a function and used inside it. As upvalues do count:

variables (a table with many elements counts as one upvalue)
functions (only those directly called from function in question, not their dependencies)

A violation of the limit can be triggered by a use of such a variable or function, not by its mere presence or availability. Repeated access to same upvalue does not exhaust the limit further.

메타테이블

모든 테이블은 '메타테이블'이라는 종속된 테이블을 하나씩 가지고 있습니다. 메타테이블의 필드들은 연산자와 함수들에 의해 다른 동작들을 지정하거나 대체하기 위해 사용됩니다. 하나의 테이블에 대한 메타테이블은 getmetatable() 함수를 이용하여 접근할 수 있으며, setmetatable() 함수를 통해 설정하는 것이 가능합니다.

메타 함수들에 액세스했다면 메타테이블 필드는 rawget()를 이용해 액세스하는 것이 가능합니다.

테이블 자체에 영향을 주는 메타테이블 필드는 다음과 같습니다:

__index: This is used when a table access t[key] would return nil. If the value of this field is a table, the access will be repeated in that table, i.e. __index[key] (which may invoke that table's metatable's __index). If the value of this field is a function, the function will be called as __index( t, key ). The rawget() function bypasses this metamethod.
__newindex: This is used when assigning a key to a table t[key] = value where rawget( t, key ) would return nil. If the value of this field is a table, the assignment will be made to that table instead, i.e. __newindex[key] = value (which may invoke that table's metatable's __newindex). If the value of this field is a function, the function will be called as __newindex( t, key, value ). The rawset() function bypasses this metamethod.
__call: This is used when function call syntax is used on a table, t( ··· ). The value must be a function, which is called as something like __call( t, ··· ).
__mode: This is used to make tables holding weak references. The value must be a string. By default, any value that is used as a key or as a value in a table will not be garbage collected. But if this metafield contains the letter 'k', keys may be garbage collected if there are no non-weak references, and if it contains 'v' values may be; in either case, both the corresponding key and value are removed from the table. Note that behavior is undefined if this field is altered after the table is used as a metatable.

다른 메타테이블 필드들에는 다음과 같은 것들이 있습니다:

__add^†
__sub^†
__mul^†
__div^†
__mod^†
__pow^†
__unm
__concat^†
__eq^‡
__lt^‡
__le^‡
__pairs
__ipairs
__metatable^*
__tostring

^† For binary operators, Lua looks first at the left argument's metatable (if any) then the right's when looking for a metamethod to use.

^‡ For relational operators, the metamethod is only used if the same function is specified in both arguments' metatables. Different anonymous functions, even with identical body and closure, may not be considered the same.

^* __metatable affects both getmetatable() and setmetatable()

Note: In Lua, all strings also share a single metatable, in which __index refers to the string table. This metatable is not accessible in Scribunto, nor is the referenced string table; the string table available to modules is a copy.

변수

Variables are places that store values. There are three kinds of variables in Lua: global variables, local variables, and table fields.

A name represents a global or local variable (or a function argument, which is just a kind of local variable). Variables are assumed to be global unless explicitly declared as local using the local keyword. Any variable that has not been assigned a value is considered to have a nil value.

Global variables are stored in a standard Lua table called an environment; this table is often available as the global variable _G. It is possible to set a metatable for this global variable table; the __index and __newindex metamethods will be called for accesses of and assignments to global variables just as they would for accesses of and assignments to fields in any other table.

The environment for a function may be accessed using the getfenv() function and changed using the setfenv() function; in Scribunto, these functions are severely restricted if they are available at all.

Local variables are lexically scoped; see Local variable declarations for details.

표현식

An expression is something that has values: literals (numbers, strings, true, false, nil), anonymous function declarations, table constructors, variable references, function calls, the vararg expression, expressions wrapped in parentheses, unary operators applied to expressions, and expressions combined with binary operators.

Most expressions have one value; function calls and the vararg expression can have any number. Note that wrapping a function call or vararg expression in parentheses will lose all except the first value.

Expression lists are comma-separated lists of expressions. All except the last expression are forced to one value (dropping additional values, or using nil if the expression has no values); all values from the last expression are included in the values of the expression list.

산술 연산자

Lua supports the usual arithmetic operators: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulo, exponentiation, and negation.

When all operands are numbers or strings for which tonumber() returns non-nil, the operations have their usual meaning.

If either operand is a table with an appropriate metamethod, the metamethod will be called.

Operator	Function	Example	Metamethod	Notes
+	Addition	a + b	__add
-	Subtraction	a - b	__sub
*	Multiplication	a * b	__mul
/	Division	a / b	__div	division by zero is not an error; NaN or infinity will be returned
%	Modulo	a % b	__mod	defined as `a % b == a - math.floor( a / b ) * b`
^	Exponentiation	a ^ b	__pow	non-integer exponents are allowed
-	Negation	-a	__unm

관계 연산자

The relational operators in Lua are ==, ~=, <, >, <=, and >=. The result of a relational operator is always a boolean.

Equality (==) first compares the types of its operands; if they are different, the result is false. Then it compares the values: nil, boolean, number, and string are compared in the expected manner. Functions are equal if they refer to the exact same function object; function() end == function() end will return false, as it is comparing two different anonymous functions. Tables are by default compared in the same manner, but this may be changed using the __eq metamethod.

Inequality (~=) is the exact negation of equality.

For the ordering operators, if both are numbers or both are strings, they are compared directly. Next, metamethods are checked:

a < b uses __lt
a <= b uses __le if available, or if __lt is available then it is considered equivalent to not ( b < a )
a > b is considered equivalent to b < a
a >= b is considered equivalent to b <= a

If the necessary metamethods are not available, an error is raised.

논리 연산자

The logical operators are and, or, and not. All use the standard interpretation where nil and false are considered false and anything else is considered true.

For and, if the left operand is considered false then it is returned and the second operand is not evaluated; otherwise the second operand is returned.

For or, if the left operand is considered true then it is returned and the second operand is not evaluated; otherwise the second operand is returned.

For not, the result is always true or false.

Note that and and or short circuit. For example, foo() or bar() will only call bar() if foo() returns false or nil as its first value.

결합 연산자

결합 연산자는 a .. b에서 알 수 있듯 두 개의 점입니다. 두 피연산자의 자료형이 숫자거나, 숫자 혹은 문자와 섞여 있을 경우 이들은 문자열로 변환되어 결합 연산됩니다.

Note that Lua strings are immutable and Lua does not provide any sort of "string builder", so a loop that repeatedly does a = a .. b will have to create a new string for each iteration and eventually garbage-collect the old strings. If many strings need concatenating, it may be faster to use string.format() or to insert all the strings into a sequence and use table.concat() at the end.

길이 연산자

The length operator is #, used as #a. If a is a string, it returns the length in bytes. If a is a sequence table, it returns the length of the sequence.

If a is a table that is not a sequence, the #a may return 0 or any value N such that a[N] is not nil and a[N+1] is nil, even if there are non-nil values at higher indexes. For example,

-- This is not a sequence, because a[3] is nil and a[4] is not.
a = { 1, 2, nil, 4 }

-- This may output either 2 or 4.
-- And this may change even if the table is not modified.
mw.log( #a )

연산자 우선순위

Lua's operator precedence or order of operations, from highest to lowest:

^
not # - (negation)
* / %
+ - (subtraction)
..
< > <= >= ~= ==
and
or

Within a precedence level, most binary operators are left-associative, i.e. a / b / c is interpreted as (a / b) / c. Exponentiation and concatenation are right-associative, i.e. a ^ b ^ c is interpreted as a ^ (b ^ c).

함수 호출

Lua function calls look like those in most other languages: a name followed by a list of arguments in parentheses:

func( expression-list )

As is usual with expression lists in Lua, the last expression in the list may supply multiple argument values.

If the function is called with fewer values in the expression list than there are arguments in the function definition, the extra arguments will have a nil value. If the expression list contains more values than there are arguments, the excess values are discarded. It is also possible for a function to take a variable number of arguments; see Function declarations for details.

Lua also allows direct calling of a function return value, i.e. func()(). If an expression more complex than a variable access is needed to determine the function to be called, a parenthesized expression may be used in place of the variable access.

Lua has syntactic sugar for two common cases. The first is when a table is being used as an object, and the function is to be called as a method on the object. The syntax

table:name( expression-list )

is exactly equivalent to

table.name( table, expression-list )

The second common case is Lua's method of implementing named arguments by passing a table containing the name-to-value mappings as the only positional argument to the function. In this case, the parentheses around the argument list may be omitted. This also works if the function is to be passed a single literal string. For example, the calls

func{ arg1 = exp, arg2 = exp }
func"string"

are equivalent to

func( { arg1 = exp, arg2 = exp } )
func( "string" )

These may be combined; the following calls are equivalent:

table:name{ arg1 = exp, arg2 = exp }
table.name( table, { arg1 = exp, arg2 = exp } )

함수 정의

The syntax for function declaration looks like this:

function name_optional ( var-list_optional )
    block
end

All variables in var-list are local to the function, with values assigned from the expression list in the function call. Additional local variables may be declared inside the block.

When the function is called, the statements in block are executed after local variables corresponding to var-list are created and assigned values. If a return statement is reached, the block is exited and the values of the function call expression are those given by the return statement. If execution reaches the end of the function's block without encountering a return statement, the result of the function call expression has zero values.

Lua functions are lexical closures. A common idiom is to declare "private static" variables as locals in the scope where the function is declared. For example,

-- This returns a function that adds a number to its argument
function makeAdder( n )
    return function( x )
        -- The variable n from the outer scope is available here to be added to x
        return x + n
    end
end

local add5 = makeAdder( 5 )
mw.log( add5( 6 ) )
-- prints 11

A function may be declared to accept a variable number of arguments, by specifying ... as the final item in the var-list:

function name_optional ( var-list, ... )
    block
end
-- or
function name_optional ( ... )
    block
end

Within the block, the varargs expression ... may be used, with the result being all the extra values in the function call. For example,

local join = function ( separator, ... )
    -- get the extra arguments as a new table
    local args = { ... }
    -- get the count of extra arguments, correctly
    local n = select( '#', ... )
    return table.concat( args, separator, 1, n )
end

join( ', ', 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' )
-- returns the string "foo, bar, baz"

The select() function is designed to work with the varargs expression; in particular, select( '#', ... ) should be used instead of #{ ... } to count the number of values in the varargs expression, because { ... } may not be a sequence.

Lua provides syntactic sugar to combine function declaration and assignment to a variable; see Function declaration statements for details.

Note that this will not work:

local factorial = function ( n )
    if n <= 2 then
        return n
    else
        return n * factorial( n - 1 )
    end
end

Since the function declaration is processed before the local variable assignment statement is complete, "factorial" inside the function body refers to the (probably undefined) variable of that name in an outer scope. This problem may be avoided by declaring the local variable first and then assigning it in a subsequent statement, or by using the function declaration statement syntax.

구문

A statement is the basic unit of execution: one assignment, control structure, function call, variable declaration, etc.

A chunk is a sequence of statements, optionally separated by semicolons. A chunk is basically considered the body of an anonymous function, so it can declare local variables, receive arguments, and return values.

A block is also a sequence of statements, just like a chunk. A block can be delimited to create a single statement: do block end. These may be used to limit the scope of local variables, or to add a return or break in the middle of another block.

할당

variable-list = expression-list

variable-list는 변수값들을 CSV형식으로 나열한 리스트입니다. expression-list는 CSV형식으로 나열된 하나 이상의 표현식들을 말합니다. 모든 표현식이 변수값을 할당하기 이전부터 계산되므로, a, b = b, a와 같은 표현식은 a와 b라는 값으로 변환될 것입니다.

지역변수 정의

local variable-list

local variable-list = expression-list

지역 변수는 block이나 chunk안이라면 어디서든지 선언이 가능합니다. expression list가 빠진 첫 번째 방식은 선언은 되었지만 아무 값도 할당되지 않은 상태이므로 nil의 값의 가질 것입니다. 두 번째 방식은 위의 할당 문단에서 나오듯, 지역 변수에 값을 할당하는 것입니다.

지역 변수가 가지는 가독성의 여하는 지역 변수 선언 뒤에 이뤄지는 명령문이 어떻게 쓰여지느냐에 달린 것임을 명심하세요. 그러므로 local x = x와 같은 방식으로 선언을 하는 것은 지역변수 x에 전역 변수 x의 값을 할당하는 것과 다를 바가 없습니다. 이렇게 하면 지역 변수가 인터프리팅이 끝날 때까지 전역에 남아있게 되므로 매우 비효율적입니다.

Control structures

while exp do block end

The while statement repeats a block as long as an expression evaluates to a true value.

repeat block until exp

The repeat statement repeats a block until an expression evaluates to a true value. Local variables declared inside the block may be accessed in the expression.

for name = exp1, exp2, exp3 do block end
for name = exp1, exp2 do block end

This first form of the for loop will declare a local variable, and repeat the block for values from exp1 to exp2 adding exp3 on each iteration. Note that exp3 may be omitted entirely, in which case 1 is used, but non-numeric values such as nil and false are an error. All expressions are evaluated once before the loop is started.

This form of the for loop is roughly equivalent to

do
    local var, limit, step = tonumber( exp1 ), tonumber( exp2 ), tonumber( exp3 )
    if not ( var and limit and step ) then
        error()
    end
    while ( step > 0 and var <= limit ) or ( step <= 0 and var >= limit ) do
        local name = var
        block
        var = var + step
    end
end

except that the variables var, limit, and step are not accessible anywhere else. Note that the variable name is local to the block; to use the value after the loop, it must be copied to a variable declared outside the loop.

for var-list in expression-list do block end

The second form of the for loop works with iterator functions. As in the first form, the expression-list is evaluated only once before beginning the loop.

This form of the for loop is roughly equivalent to

do
    local func, static, var = expression-list
    while true do
        local var-list = func( static, var )
        var = var1  -- ''var1'' is the first variable in ''var-list''
        if var == nil then
            break
        end
        block
    end
end

except that again the variables func, static, and var are not accessible anywhere else. Note that the variables in var-list are local to the block; to use them after the loop, they must be copied to variables declared outside the loop.

Often the expression-list is a single function call that returns the three values. If the iterator function can be written so it only depends on the parameters passed into it, that would be the most efficient. If not, Programming in Lua suggests that a closure be preferred to returning a table as the static variable and updating its members on each iteration.

if exp1 then block1 elseif exp2 then block2 else block3 end

Executes block1 if exp1 returns true, otherwise executes block2 if exp2 returns true, and block3 otherwise. The else block3 portion may be omitted, and the elseif exp2 then block2 portion may be repeated or omitted as necessary.

return expression-list

The return statement is used to return values from a function or a chunk (which is just a function). The expression-list is a comma-separated list of zero or more expressions.

Lua implements tail calls: if expression-list consists of exactly one expression which is a function call, the current stack frame will be reused for the call to that function. This has implication for functions that deal with the call stack, such as getfenv() and debug.traceback().

The return statement must be the last statement in its block. If for some reason a return is needed in the middle of a block, an explicit block do return end may be used.

break

The break statement is used to terminate the execution of a while, repeat, or for loop, skipping to the next statement after the loop.

The break statement must be the last statement in its block. If for some reason a break is needed in the middle of a block, an explicit block do break end may be used.

Unlike some other languages, Lua does not have a "continue" statement for loops (i.e. a statement to move onto the next iteration without breaking the loop altogether).

It is straightforward to achieve the same effect by nesting a repeat ... until true block immediately inside the main loop, which will only ever iterate once for each iteration of the main loop (as its condition is always true). Using break will only end the inner loop, which has the practical effect of causing the main loop to continue onto the next iteration.

If it is necessary to use break on the main loop, simply declare a variable which is checked each time the inner loop completes, and set it when necessary.

구문으로써의 함수 호출

A function call may be used as a statement; in this case, the function is being called only for any side effects it may have (e.g. mw.log() logs values) and any return values are discarded.

함수 정의 구문

Lua provides syntactic sugar to make declaring a function and assigning it to a variable more natural. The following pairs of declarations are equivalent

-- Basic declaration
function func( var-list ) block end
func = function ( var-list ) block end

-- Local function
local function func( var-list ) block end
local func; func = function ( var-list ) block end

-- Function as a field in a table
function table.func( var-list ) block end
table.func = function ( var-list ) block end

-- Function as a method in a table
function table:func( var-list ) block end
table.func = function ( self, var-list ) block end

Note the colon notation here parallels the colon notation for function calls, adding an implicit argument named self at the beginning of the arguments list.

오류 처리

Errors may be "thrown" using the error() and assert() functions. To "catch" errors, use pcall() or xpcall(). Note that certain internal Scribunto errors cannot be caught in Lua code.

가비지 콜렉터

Lua performs automatic memory management. This means that you have to worry neither about allocating memory for new objects nor about freeing it when the objects are no longer needed. Lua manages memory automatically by running a garbage collector from time to time to collect all dead objects (that is, objects that are no longer accessible from Lua) and objects that are only reachable via weak references. All memory used by Lua is subject to automatic management: tables, functions, strings, etc.

Garbage collection happens automatically, and cannot be configured from within Scribunto.

표준 라이브러리

The standard Lua libraries provide essential services and performance-critical functions to Lua. Only those portions of the standard libraries that are available in Scribunto are documented here.

기본 함수

_G

This variable holds a reference to the current global variable table; the global variable foo may also be accessed as _G.foo. Note, however, that there is nothing special about _G itself; it may be reassigned in the same manner as any other variable:

foo = 1
mw.log( foo ) -- logs "1"
_G.foo = 2
mw.log( foo ) -- logs "2"
_G = {}       -- _G no longer points to the global variable table
_G.foo = 3
mw.log( foo ) -- still logs "2"

The global variable table may be used just like any other table. For example,

-- Call a function whose name is stored in a variable
_G[var]()

-- Log the names and stringified values of all global variables
for k, v in pairs( _G ) do
   mw.log( k, v )
end

-- Log the creation of new global variables
setmetatable( _G, {
    __newindex = function ( t, k, v )
         mw.log( "Creation of new global variable '" .. k .. "'" )
         rawset( t, k, v )
    end
} )

_VERSION

A string containing the running version of Lua, e.g. "Lua 5.1".

assert

assert( v, message, ... )

If v is nil or false, issues an error. In this case, message is used as the text of the error: if nil (or unspecified), the text is "assertion failed!"; if a string or number, the text is that value; otherwise assert itself will raise an error.

If v is any other value, assert returns all arguments including v and message.

A somewhat common idiom in Lua is for a function to return a "true" value in normal operation, and on failure return nil or false as the first value and an error message as the second value. Easy error checking can then be implemented by wrapping the call in a call to assert:

-- This doesn't check for errors
local result1, result2, etc = func( ... )

-- This works the same, but does check for errors
local result1, result2, etc = assert( func( ... ) )

error

error( message, level )

Issues an error, with text message.

error normally adds some information about the location of the error. If level is 1 or omitted, that information is the location of the call to error itself; 2 uses the location of the call of the function that called error; and so on. Passing 0 omits inclusion of the location information.

getfenv

getfenv( f )

Note this function may not be available, depending on allowEnvFuncs in the engine configuration.

Returns an environment (global variable table), as specified by f:

If 1, nil, or omitted, returns the environment of the function calling getfenv. Often this will be the same as _G.
Integers 2–10 return the environment of functions higher in the call stack. For example, 2 returns the environment for the function that called the current function, 3 returns the environment for the function calling that function, and so on. An error will be raised if the value is higher than the number of function calls in the stack, or if the targeted stack level returned with a tail call.
Passing a function returns the environment that will be used when that function is called.

The environments used by all standard library functions and Scribunto library functions are protected. Attempting to access these environments using getfenv will return nil instead.

getmetatable

getmetatable( table )

Returns the metatable of a table. Any other type will return nil.

If the metatable has a __metatable field, that value will be returned instead of the actual metatable.

ipairs

ipairs( t )

반복자(iterator) 함수와 테이블 데이터 타입의 t, and 0. This is intended for use in the iterator form of for:

for i, v in ipairs( t ) do
    -- process each index-value pair
end

This will iterate over the pairs ( 1, t[1] ), ( 2, t[2] ), and so on, stopping when t[i] would be nil.

The standard behavior may be overridden by providing an __ipairs metamethod. If that metamethod exists, the call to ipairs will return the three values returned by __ipairs( t ) instead.

This allows for iterating over the keys in a table. If key is nil or unspecified, returns the "first" key in the table and its value; otherwise, it returns the "next" key and its value. When no more keys are available, returns nil. It is possible to check whether a table is empty using the expression next( t ) == nil.

Note that the order in which the keys are returned is not specified, even for tables with numeric indexes. To traverse a table in numerical order, use a numerical for or ipairs.

Behavior is undefined if, when using next for traversal, any non-existing key is assigned a value. Assigning a new value (including nil) to an existing field is allowed.

pairs

pairs( t )

Returns three values: an iterator function (next or a work-alike), the table t, and nil. This is intended for use in the iterator form of for:

for k, v in pairs( t ) do
    -- process each key-value pair
end

This will iterate over the key-value pairs in t just as next would; see the documentation for next for restrictions on modifying the table during traversal.

The standard behavior may be overridden by providing a __pairs metamethod. If that metamethod exists, the call to pairs will return the three values returned by __pairs( t ) instead.

pcall

pcall( f, ... )

Calls the function f with the given arguments in protected mode. This means that if an error is raised during the call to f, pcall will return false and the error message raised. If no error occurs, pcall will return true and all values returned by the call.

In pseudocode, pcall might be defined something like this:

function pcall( f, ... )
    try
        return true, f( ... )
    catch ( message )
        return false, message
    end
end

rawequal

rawequal( a, b )

This is equivalent to a == b except that it ignores any __eq metamethod.

rawget

rawget( table, k )

This is equivalent to table[k] except that it ignores any __index metamethod.

rawset

rawset( table, k, v )

This is equivalent to table[k] = v except that it ignores any __newindex metamethod.

select

select( index, ... )

If index is a number, returns all arguments in ... from that index onwards. If index is the string "#", returns the number of arguments in ....

Note: unlike tables, lists of arguments (including the vararg expression ...) treat nil as a distinct value (see documentation for # and unpack for the problem with nil in tables). For example:

select(2, "foo", "bar") returns "bar".
select(2, "foo", nil, "bar", nil) returns nil, "bar", nil.
select("#", "foo", "bar") returns 2.
select("#", "foo", "bar", nil) returns 3.

In other words, select is roughly like the following (except that it also handles any nil arguments after the final non-nil argument):

function select( index, ... )
    local t = { ... }
    local maxindex = table.maxn( t )
    if index == "#" then
        return maxindex
    else
        return unpack( t, index, maxindex )
    end
end

setmetatable

setmetatable( table, metatable )

Sets the metatable of a table. metatable may be nil, but must be explicitly provided.

If the current metatable has a __metatable field, setmetatable will throw an error.

tonumber

tonumber( value, base )

Tries to convert value to a number. If it is already a number or a string convertible to a number, then tonumber returns this number; otherwise, it returns nil.

The optional base (default 10) specifies the base to interpret the numeral. The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. In bases above 10, the letter 'A' (in either upper or lower case) represents 10, 'B' represents 11, and so forth, with 'Z' representing 35.

In base 10, the value may have a decimal part, be expressed in E notation, and may have a leading "0x" to indicate base 16. In other bases, only unsigned integers are accepted.

tostring

tostring( value )

value(값)을 문자열로 변환합니다. 자료형이 어떻게 변환되는지에 관해서는 자료형 문단을 참고하세요.

The standard behavior for tables may be overridden by providing a __tostring metamethod. If that metamethod exists, the call to tostring will return the single value returned by __tostring( value ) instead.

type

type( value )

Returns the type of value as a string: "nil", "number", "string", "boolean", "table", or "function".

unpack

unpack( table, i, j )

Returns values from the given table, something like table[i], table[i+1], ···, table[j] would do if written out manually. If nil or not given, i defaults to 1 and j defaults to #table.

If the table does not have a value for a particular key, unpack will return nil for that value. For example, unpack({"foo", [3] = "bar"}, 1, 4) returns "foo", nil, "bar", nil.

Note that results are not deterministic if table is not a sequence and j is nil or unspecified; see Length operator for details.

xpcall

xpcall( f, errhandler )

This is much like pcall, except that the error message is passed to the function errhandler before being returned.

In pseudocode, xpcall might be defined something like this:

function xpcall( f, errhandler )
    try
        return true, f()
    catch ( message )
        message = errhandler( message )
        return false, message
    end
end

디버그 라이브러리

debug.traceback

debug.traceback( message, level )

Returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. An optional message string is appended at the beginning of the traceback. An optional level number tells at which stack level to start the traceback.

수학 라이브러리

math.abs

math.abs( x )

Returns the absolute value of x.

math.acos

math.acos( x )

Returns the arc cosine of x (given in radians).

math.asin

math.asin( x )

Returns the arc sine of x (given in radians).

math.atan

math.atan( x )

Returns the arc tangent of x (given in radians).

math.atan2

math.atan2( y, x )

Returns the arc tangent of y/x (given in radians), using the signs of both parameters to find the quadrant of the result.

math.ceil

math.ceil( x )

Returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to x.

math.cos

math.cos( x )

Returns the cosine of x (given in radians).

math.cosh

math.cosh( x )

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.

math.deg

math.deg( x )

Returns the angle x (given in radians) in degrees.

math.exp

math.exp( x )

Returns the value $e^{x}$ .

math.floor

math.floor( x )

Returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to x.

math.fmod

math.fmod( x, y )

Returns the remainder of the division of x by y that rounds the quotient towards zero. For example, math.fmod( 10, 3 ) yields 1.

math.frexp

math.frexp( x )

Returns two values m and e such that:

If x is finite and non-zero: $x = m \times 2^{e}$ , e is an integer, and the absolute value of m is in the range $[0.5, 1)$
If x is zero: m and e are 0
If x is NaN or infinite: m is x and e is not specified

math.huge

The value representing positive infinity; larger than or equal to any other numerical value.

math.ldexp

math.ldexp( m, e )

Returns $m \times 2^{e}$ (e should be an integer).

math.log

math.log( x )

Returns the natural logarithm of x.

math.log10

math.log10( x )

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

math.max

math.max( x, ... )

Returns the maximum value among its arguments.

Behavior with NaNs is not specified. With the current implementation, NaN will be returned if x is NaN, but any other NaNs will be ignored.

math.min

math.min( x, ... )

Returns the minimum value among its arguments.

Behavior with NaNs is not specified. With the current implementation, NaN will be returned if x is NaN, but any other NaNs will be ignored.

math.modf

math.modf( x )

Returns two numbers, the integral part of x and the fractional part of x. For example, math.modf( 1.25 ) yields 1, 0.25.

math.pi

The value of $π$ .

math.pow

math.pow( x, y )

Equivalent to x^y.

math.rad

math.rad( x )

Returns the angle x (given in degrees) in radians.

math.random

math.random( m, n )

Returns a pseudo-random number.

The arguments m and n may be omitted, but if specified must be convertible to integers.

With no arguments, returns a real number in the range $[0, 1)$
With one argument, returns an integer in the range $[1, m]$
With two arguments, returns an integer in the range $[m, n]$

Note that incorrect output may be produced if m or n are less than −2147483648 or greater than 2147483647, or if n - m is greater than 2147483646.

math.randomseed

math.randomseed( x )

Sets x as the seed for the pseudo-random generator.

Note that using the same seed will cause math.random to output the same sequence of numbers.

math.randomseed( tonumber( mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ) ) * 10000 + os.clock() * 10000 )

math.sin

math.sin( x )

Returns the sine of x (given in radians).

math.sinh

math.sinh( x )

Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.

math.sqrt

math.sqrt( x )

Returns the square root of x. Equivalent to x^0.5.

math.tan

math.tan( x )

Returns the tangent of x (given in radians).

math.tanh

math.tanh( x )

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

운영체제 라이브러리

os.clock

os.clock()

Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time used by the program.

os.date

os.date( format, time )

Language library's formatDate may be used for more comprehensive date formatting

Returns a string or a table containing date and time, formatted according to format. If the format is omitted or nil, "%c" is used.

If time is given, it is the time to be formatted (see os.time()). Otherwise the current time is used.

If format starts with '!', then the date is formatted in UTC rather than the server's local time. After this optional character, if format is the string "*t", then date returns a table with the following fields:

year (full)
month (1–12)
day (1–31)
hour (0–23)
min (0–59)
sec (0–60, to allow for leap seconds)
wday (weekday, Sunday is 1)
yday (day of the year)
isdst (daylight saving flag, a boolean; may be absent if the information is not available)

If format is not "*t", then date returns the date as a string, formatted according to the same rules as the C function strftime.

os.difftime

os.difftime( t2, t1 )

Returns the number of seconds from t1 to t2.

os.time

os.time( table )

Returns a number representing the current time.

When called without arguments, returns the current time. If passed a table, the time encoded in the table will be parsed. The table must have the fields "year", "month", and "day", and may also include "hour" (default 12), "min" (default 0), "sec" (default 0), and "isdst".

패키지 라이브러리

require

require( modulename )

Loads the specified module.

First, it looks in package.loaded[modulename] to see if the module is already loaded. If so, returns package.loaded[modulename].

Otherwise, it calls each loader in the package.loaders sequence to attempt to find a loader for the module. If a loader is found, that loader is called. The value returned by the loader is stored into package.loaded[modulename] and is returned.

See the documentation for package.loaders for information on the loaders available.

For example, if you have a module "Module:Giving" containing the following:

local p = {}

p.someDataValue = 'Hello!'

return p

You can load this in another module with code such as this:

local giving = require( "Module:Giving" )

local value = giving.someDataValue -- value is now 'Hello!'

package.loaded

This table holds the loaded modules. The keys are the module names, and the values are the values returned when the module was loaded.

package.loaders

This table holds the sequence of searcher functions to use when loading modules. Each searcher function is called with a single argument, the name of the module to load. If the module is found, the searcher must return a function that will actually load the module and return the value to be returned by require. Otherwise, it must return nil.

Scribunto provides two searchers:

Look in package.preload[modulename] for the loader function
Look in the modules provided with Scribunto for the module name, and if that fails look in the Module: namespace. The "Module:" prefix must be provided.

Note that the standard Lua loaders are not included.

package.preload

This table holds loader functions, used by the first searcher Scribunto includes in package.loaders.

package.seeall

package.seeall( table )

Sets the __index metamethod for table to _G.

문자열 라이브러리

In all string functions, the first character is at position 1, not position 0 as in C, PHP, and JavaScript. Indexes may be negative, in which case they count from the end of the string: position -1 is the last character in the string, -2 is the second-last, and so on.

Warning: The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. It cannot handle Unicode characters. To operate on Unicode strings, use the corresponding methods in the Scribunto Ustring library.

string.byte

string.byte( s, i, j )

If the string is considered as an array of bytes, returns the byte values for s[i], s[i+1], ···, s[j]. The default value for i is 1; the default value for j is i. Identical to mw.ustring.byte().

string.char

string.char( ... )

Receives zero or more integers. Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, in which each character has the byte value equal to its corresponding argument.

local value = string.char( 0x48, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x21 ) --value is now 'Hello!'

See mw.ustring.char() for a similar function that uses Unicode codepoints rather than byte values.

string.find

string.find( s, pattern, init, plain )

Looks for the first match of pattern in the string s. If it finds a match, then find returns the offsets in s where this occurrence starts and ends; otherwise, it returns nil. If the pattern has captures, then in a successful match the captured values are also returned after the two indices.

A third, optional numerical argument init specifies where to start the search; its default value is 1 and can be negative. A value of true as a fourth, optional argument plain turns off the pattern matching facilities, so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, with no characters in pattern being considered "magic".

Note that if plain is given, then init must be given as well.

See mw.ustring.find() for a similar function extended as described in Ustring patterns and where the init offset is in characters rather than bytes.

string.format

string.format( formatstring, ... )

Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string).

The format string uses a limited subset of the printf format specifiers:

Recognized flags are '-', '+', ' ', '#', and '0'.
Integer field widths up to 99 are supported. '*' is not supported.
Integer precisions up to 99 are supported. '*' is not supported.
Length modifiers are not supported.
Recognized conversion specifiers are 'c', 'd', 'i', 'o', 'u', 'x', 'X', 'e', 'E', 'f', 'g', 'G', 's', '%', and the non-standard 'q'.
Positional specifiers (e.g. "%2$s") are not supported.

The conversion specifier q is like s, but formats the string in a form suitable to be safely read back by the Lua interpreter: the string is written between double quotes, and all double quotes, newlines, embedded zeros, and backslashes in the string are correctly escaped when written.

Conversion between strings and numbers is performed as specified in Data types; other types are not automatically converted to strings. Strings containing NUL characters (byte value 0) are not properly handled.

Identical to mw.ustring.format().

string.gmatch

string.gmatch( s, pattern )

Returns an iterator function that, each time it is called, returns the next captures from pattern over string s. If pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is produced in each call.

For this function, a '^' at the start of a pattern is not magic, as this would prevent the iteration. It is treated as a literal character.

See mw.ustring.gmatch() for a similar function for which the pattern is extended as described in Ustring patterns.

string.gsub

string.gsub( s, pattern, repl, n )

Returns a copy of s in which all (or the first n, if given) occurrences of the pattern have been replaced by a replacement string specified by repl, which can be a string, a table, or a function. gsub also returns, as its second value, the total number of matches that occurred.

If repl is a string, then its value is used for replacement. The character % works as an escape character: any sequence in repl of the form %d, with d between 1 and 9, stands for the value of the d-th captured substring. The sequence %0 stands for the whole match, and the sequence %% stands for a single %.

If repl is a table, then the table is queried for every match, using the first capture as the key; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is used as the key.

If repl is a function, then this function is called every time a match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, in order; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is passed as a sole argument.

If the value returned by the table query or by the function call is a string or a number, then it is used as the replacement string; otherwise, if it is false or nil, then there is no replacement (that is, the original match is kept in the string).

See mw.ustring.gsub() for a similar function in which the pattern is extended as described in Ustring patterns.

string.len

string.len( s )

Returns the length of the string, in bytes. Is not confused by ASCII NUL characters. Equivalent to #s.

See mw.ustring.len() for a similar function using Unicode codepoints rather than bytes.

string.lower

string.lower( s )

Returns a copy of this string with all ASCII uppercase letters changed to lowercase. All other characters are left unchanged.

See mw.ustring.lower() for a similar function in which all characters with uppercase to lowercase definitions in Unicode are converted.

string.match

string.match( s, pattern, init )

Looks for the first match of pattern in the string. If it finds one, then match returns the captures from the pattern; otherwise it returns nil. If pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is returned.

A third, optional numerical argument init specifies where to start the search; its default value is 1 and can be negative.

See mw.ustring.match() for a similar function in which the pattern is extended as described in Ustring patterns and the init offset is in characters rather than bytes.

string.rep

string.rep( s, n )

Returns a string that is the concatenation of n copies of the string s. Identical to mw.ustring.rep().

string.reverse

string.reverse( s )

Returns a string that is the string s reversed (bytewise).

string.sub

string.sub( s, i, j )

Returns the substring of s that starts at i and continues until j; i and j can be negative. If j is nil or omitted, it will continue until the end of the string.

In particular, the call string.sub(s,1,j) returns a prefix of s with length j, and string.sub(s, -i) returns a suffix of s with length i.

See mw.ustring.sub() for a similar function in which the offsets are characters rather than bytes.

string.ulower

string.ulower( s )

An alias for mw.ustring.lower().

string.upper

string.upper( s )

Returns a copy of this string with all ASCII lowercase letters changed to uppercase. All other characters are left unchanged.

See mw.ustring.upper() for a similar function in which all characters with lowercase to uppercase definitions in Unicode are converted.

string.uupper

string.uupper( s )

An alias for mw.ustring.upper().

패턴

Note that Lua's patterns are similar to regular expressions, but are not identical. In particular, note the following differences from regular expressions and PCRE:

The quoting character is percent (%), not backslash (\).

Dot (.) always matches all characters, including newlines.

No case-insensitive mode.

No alternation (the | operator).

Quantifiers (*, +, ?, and -) may only be applied to individual characters or character classes, not to capture groups.

The only non-greedy quantifier is -, which is equivalent to PCRE's *? quantifier.

No generalized finite quantifier (e.g. the {n,m} quantifier in PCRE).

The only zero-width assertions are ^, $, and the %f[set] "frontier" pattern; assertions such as PCRE's \b or (?=···) are not present.

Patterns themselves do not recognize character escapes such as \ddd. However, since patterns are strings these sort of escapes may be used in the string literals used to create the pattern-string.

Also note that a pattern cannot contain embedded zero bytes (ASCII NUL, "\0"). Use %z instead.

Also see Ustring patterns for a similar pattern-matching scheme using Unicode characters.

문자 클래스

A character class is used to represent a set of characters. The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class:

`x`	(where `x` is not one of the magic characters `^$()%.[]*+-?`) represents the character `x` itself.
`.`	(a dot) Represents all characters.
`%a`	Represents all ASCII letters.
`%c`	Represents all ASCII control characters.
`%d`	Represents all digits.
`%l`	Represents all ASCII lowercase letters.
`%p`	Represents all punctuation characters.
`%s`	Represents all ASCII space characters.
`%u`	Represents all ASCII uppercase letters.
`%w`	Represents all ASCII alphanumeric characters. Note it doesn't include the underscore character (`_`), contrarily to the usual class `\w` in regular expressions.
`%x`	Represents all hexadecimal digits.
`%z`	Represents ASCII NUL, the zero byte.
`%A`	All characters not in `%a`.
`%C`	All characters not in `%c`.
`%D`	All characters not in `%d`.
`%L`	All characters not in `%l`.
`%P`	All characters not in `%p`.
`%S`	All characters not in `%s`.
`%U`	All characters not in `%u`.
`%W`	All characters not in `%w`.
`%X`	All characters not in `%x`.
`%Z`	All characters not in `%z`.
`%y`	(where `y` is any non-alphanumeric character) represents the character `y`. This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. Any punctuation character (even the non magic) can be preceded by a '`%`' when used to represent itself in a pattern.
`[set]`	Represents the class which is the union of all characters in `set`. A range of characters can be specified by separating the end characters of the range with a '`-`'. All classes `%y` described above can also be used as components in `set`. All other characters in `set` represent themselves. For example, `[%w_]` (or `[_%w]`) represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, and `[0-7]` represents the octal digits. To include literal '`-`' in the set, use '`%-`', so `[0-7%l%-]` represents the octal digits plus the lowercase letters plus the '`-`' character. The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. Therefore, patterns like `[%a-z]` or `[a-%%]` have no meaning.
`[^set]`	Represents the complement of `set`, where `set` is interpreted as above.

Pattern items

A pattern item can be

a single character class, which matches any single character in the class;

a single character class followed by '*', which matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;

a single character class followed by '+', which matches 1 or more repetitions of characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;

a single character class followed by '-', which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. Unlike '*', these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence;

a single character class followed by '?', which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class;

%n, for n between 1 and 9; such item matches a substring equal to the n-th captured string (see below);

%bxy, where x and y are two distinct characters; such item matches strings that start with x, end with y, and where the x and y are balanced. This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, counting +1 for an x and -1 for a y, the ending y is the first y where the count reaches 0. For instance, the item %b() matches expressions with balanced parentheses.

%f[set], a frontier pattern; such item matches an empty string at any position such that the next character belongs to set and the previous character does not belong to set. The set set is interpreted as previously described. The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if they were the character '\0'.

Note that frontier patterns were present but undocumented in Lua 5.1, and officially added to Lua in 5.2. The implementation in Lua 5.2.1 is unchanged from that in 5.1.0.

정규표현식

A pattern is a sequence of pattern items.

A ^ at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the beginning of the subject string.

A $ at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the end of the subject string. At other positions, ^ and $ have no special meaning and represent themselves.

캡쳐링

캡쳐링은 괄호로 감싸져 있는 패턴을 추적하는 기법입니다. 만약 일치하는 문자가 나올 경우, 일치된 문자열에 속하는 하위 문자열을 나중을 위해 저장해 두며, 괄호안을 따라 번호가 매겨집니다. 예를 들어 (a*(.)%w(%s*))와 같은 정규표현식에선, a*(.)%w(%s*)에 해당하는 문자열이 첫 번째 번호로 저장되고, 글자가 일치하는 .은 두 번째 번호로 저장되며 %s*은 세 번째 번호로 저장됩니다.

캡쳐링의 참조가 이뤄지는 대상은 문자열 그 자체입니다. 또한 이전에 캡쳐링이 된 문자열은 역참조합니다. 예를 들어, ([a-z])%1는 소문자를 비교하여 일치하는 것을 가려 낼 것이고, ([a-z])([a-z])([a-z])[a-z]%3%2%1는 7글자의 회문(앞 글자와 뒷 글자가 같은 단어)을 가려 낼 것입니다.

필요하다면 ()과 같은 빈 캡쳐링을 이용해 글자 하나하나의 위치를 캡쳐링할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 "flaaap" 문자열에 대해 "()aa()"과 같은 정규표현식으로 응용해 볼 수 있습니다. 그러면 3과 5라는 값를 얻어 낼 수 있습니다. 3과 5는 aa가 위치하는 순서입니다.

유의점: Ustring 라이브러리 정규식과 달리 문자열 라이브러리 정규표현식은 32자를 넘을 수 없습니다. 문자열 함수에 이 길이 이상의 정규표현식을 입력하는 것은 오류를 발생시킬 것입니다. 문자열 라이브러리와 달리 Ustring 라이브러리는 최대 10,000 바이트의 정규표현식을 처리할 수 있습니다. 10,000 바이트의 한계치까지 정규표현식을 입력하는 일은 없길 바랍니다.

테이블 라이브러리

Most functions in the table library assume that the table represents a sequence.

The functions table.foreach(), table.foreachi(), and table.getn() may be available but are deprecated; use a for loop with pairs(), a for loop with ipairs(), or the length operator #, respectively. The function table.setn() is completely obsolete, however, and will throw an error if used.

table.concat

table.concat( table, sep, i, j )

Given an array where all elements are strings or numbers, returns table[i] .. sep .. table[i+1] ··· sep .. table[j].

The default value for sep is an empty string, the default for i is 1, and the default for j is the length of the table. If i is greater than j, it returns an empty string.

table.insert

table.insert( table, value )
table.insert( table, pos, value )

Inserts element value at position pos in table, shifting up other elements to open space, if necessary. The default value for pos is the length of the table plus 1, so that a call table.insert(t, x) inserts x at the end of table t.

Elements up to #table are shifted; see Length operator for caveats if the table is not a sequence.

Note: when using the pos parameter, value should not be nil. Attempting to insert an explicit nil value into the middle of a table will result in undefined behaviour, which may delete elements in the table unpredictably.

table.maxn

table.maxn( table )

Returns the largest positive numerical index of the given table, or zero if the table has no positive numerical indices.

To do this, it iterates over the whole table. This is roughly equivalent to

function table.maxn( table )
    local maxn, k = 0, nil
    repeat
        k = next( table, k )
        if type( k ) == 'number' and k > maxn then
            maxn = k
        end
    until not k
    return maxn
end

table.remove

table.remove( table, pos )

Removes from table the element at position pos, shifting down other elements to close the space, if necessary. Returns the value of the removed element. The default value for pos is the length of the table, so that a call table.remove( t ) removes the last element of table t.

Elements up to #table are shifted; see Length operator for caveats if the table is not a sequence.

table.sort

table.sort( table, comp )

Sorts table elements in a given order, in-place, from table[1] to table[#table].

If comp is given, then it must be a function that receives two table elements, and returns true when the first is less than the second (so that not comp(a[i+1],a[i]) will be true after the sort). If comp is not given, then the standard Lua operator < is used instead.

The sort algorithm is not stable; that is, elements considered equal by the given order may have their relative positions changed by the sort.

Scribunto 라이브러리들

모든 Scribunto 라이브러리는 mw 테이블에 위치합니다.

기본 함수

mw.addWarning

mw.addWarning( text )

미리보기 상에서 표시되는 경고창을 추가합니다. text안의 내용은 위키텍스트로 파싱됩니다.

mw.allToString

mw.allToString( ... )

Calls tostring() on all arguments, then concatenates them with tabs as separators.

mw.clone

mw.clone( value )

Creates a deep copy of a value. All tables (and their metatables) are reconstructed from scratch. Functions are still shared, however.

mw.getCurrentFrame

mw.getCurrentFrame()

Returns the current frame object, typically the frame object from the most recent #invoke.

mw.incrementExpensiveFunctionCount

mw.incrementExpensiveFunctionCount()

Adds one to the "expensive parser function" count, and throws an exception if it exceeds the limit (see $wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit ).

mw.isSubsting

mw.isSubsting()

Returns true if the current #invoke is being substed, false otherwise. See Returning text above for discussion on differences when substing versus not substing.

mw.loadData

mw.loadData( module )

Sometimes a module needs large tables of data; for example, a general-purpose module to convert units of measure might need a large table of recognized units and their conversion factors. And sometimes these modules will be used many times in one page. Parsing the large data table for every {{#invoke:}} can use a significant amount of time. To avoid this issue, mw.loadData() is provided.

mw.loadData works like require(), with the following differences:

The loaded module is evaluated only once per page, rather than once per {{#invoke:}} call.

The loaded module is not recorded in package.loaded.

The value returned from the loaded module must be a table. Other data types are not supported.

The returned table (and all subtables) may contain only booleans, numbers, strings, and other tables. Other data types, particularly functions, are not allowed.

The returned table (and all subtables) may not have a metatable.

All table keys must be booleans, numbers, or strings.

The table actually returned by mw.loadData() has metamethods that provide read-only access to the table returned by the module. Since it does not contain the data directly, pairs() and ipairs() will work but other methods, including #value, next(), and the functions in the Table library, will not work correctly.

The hypothetical unit-conversion module mentioned above might store its code in "Module:Convert" and its data in "Module:Convert/data", and "Module:Convert" would use local data = mw.loadData( 'Module:Convert/data' ) to efficiently load the data.

mw.loadJsonData

mw.loadJsonData( page )

This is the same as mw.loadData() above, except it loads data from JSON pages rather than Lua tables. The JSON content must be an array or object. See also mw.text.jsonDecode().

mw.dumpObject

mw.dumpObject( object )

Serializes object to a human-readable representation, then returns the resulting string.

mw.log

mw.log( ... )

Passes the arguments to mw.allToString(), then appends the resulting string to the log buffer.

In the debug console, the function print() is an alias for this function.

mw.logObject

mw.logObject( object )
mw.logObject( object, prefix )

Calls mw.dumpObject() and appends the resulting string to the log buffer. If prefix is given, it will be added to the log buffer followed by an equals sign before the serialized string is appended (i.e. the logged text will be "prefix = object-string").

프레임 객체

The frame object is the interface to the parameters passed to {{#invoke:}}, and to the parser.

Note that there is no frame library, and there is no global variable named frame. A frame object is typically obtained by being passed as a parameter to the function called by {{#invoke:}}, and can also be obtained from mw.getCurrentFrame().

frame.args

A table for accessing the arguments passed to the frame. For example, if a module is called from wikitext with

{{#invoke:module|function|arg1|arg2|name=arg3}}

then frame.args[1] will return "arg1", frame.args[2] will return "arg2", and frame.args['name'] (or frame.args.name) will return "arg3". It is also possible to iterate over arguments using pairs( frame.args ) or ipairs( frame.args ). However, due to how Lua implements table iterators, iterating over arguments will return them in an unspecified order, and there's no way to know the original order as they appear in wikitext.

Note that values in this table are always strings; tonumber() may be used to convert them to numbers, if necessary. Keys, however, are numbers even if explicitly supplied in the invocation: {{#invoke:module|function|1|2=2}} gives string values "1" and "2" indexed by numeric keys 1 and 2.

As in MediaWiki template invocations, named arguments will have leading and trailing whitespace removed from both the name and the value before they are passed to Lua, whereas unnamed arguments will not have whitespace stripped.

For performance reasons, frame.args uses a metatable, rather than directly containing the arguments. Argument values are requested from MediaWiki on demand. This means that most other table methods will not work correctly, including #frame.args, next( frame.args ), and the functions in the Table library.

If preprocessor syntax such as template invocations and triple-brace arguments are included within an argument to #invoke, they will not be expanded, after being passed to Lua, until their values are being requested in Lua. If certain special tags written in XML notation, such as ‎<pre>, ‎<nowiki>, ‎<gallery> and ‎<ref>, are included as arguments to #invoke, then these tags will be converted to "strip markers" — special strings which begin with a delete character (ASCII 127), to be replaced with HTML after they are returned from #invoke.

frame:callParserFunction

frame:callParserFunction( name, args )
frame:callParserFunction( name, ... )
frame:callParserFunction{ name = string, args = table }

Note the use of named arguments.

Call a parser function, returning an appropriate string. This is preferable to frame:preprocess, but whenever possible, native Lua functions or Scribunto library functions should be preferred to this interface.

The following calls are approximately equivalent to the indicated wikitext:

-- {{ns:0}}
frame:callParserFunction( 'ns', { 0 } )
frame:callParserFunction( 'ns', 0 )
frame:callParserFunction{ name = 'ns', args = { 0 } }

-- {{#tag:nowiki|some text}}
frame:callParserFunction( '#tag', { 'nowiki', 'some text' } )
frame:callParserFunction( '#tag', 'nowiki', 'some text' )
frame:callParserFunction( '#tag:nowiki', 'some text' )
frame:callParserFunction{ name = '#tag', args = { 'nowiki', 'some text' } }

-- {{#tag:ref|some text|name=foo|group=bar}}
frame:callParserFunction( '#tag', { 'ref',
    'some text', name = 'foo', group = 'bar'
} )

Note that, as with frame:expandTemplate(), the function name and arguments are not preprocessed before being passed to the parser function.

frame:expandTemplate

frame:expandTemplate{ title = title, args = table }

Note the use of named arguments.

This is equivalent to a call to frame:callParserFunction() with function name 'msg' (see Help:Magic words#Transclusion modifiers) and with title prepended to args.

This is transclusion. The call:

frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'template', args = { 'arg1', 'arg2', name = 'arg3' } }

does roughly the same thing from Lua that {{template|arg1|arg2|name=arg3}} does in wikitext. As in transclusion, if the passed title does not contain a namespace prefix it will be assumed to be in the Template: namespace.

Note that the title and arguments are not preprocessed before being passed into the template:

-- This is roughly equivalent to wikitext like {{template|{{!}}}}
frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'template', args = { '|' } }
frame:callParserFunction{ 'msg', { 'template', '|' } }

-- This is roughly equivalent to wikitext like {{template|{{((}}!{{))}}}}
frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'template', args = { '{{!}}' } }
frame:callParserFunction{ 'msg', { 'template', '{{!}}' } }

frame:extensionTag

frame:extensionTag( name, content, args )
frame:extensionTag{ name = string, content = string, args = table_or_string }

This is equivalent to a call to frame:callParserFunction() with function name '#tag' (see Help:Magic_words#Miscellaneous) and with name and content prepended to args.

-- These are equivalent
frame:extensionTag( 'ref', 'some text', { name = 'foo', group = 'bar' } )
frame:extensionTag{ name = 'ref', content = 'some text', args = { name = 'foo', group = 'bar' } }
frame:callParserFunction( '#tag', { 'ref' ,
    'some text', name = 'foo', group = 'bar'
} )

-- These are equivalent
frame:extensionTag{ name = 'ref', content = 'some text', args = { 'some other text' } }
frame:callParserFunction( '#tag', { 'ref',
    'some text', 'some other text'
} )

frame:getParent

frame:getParent()

{{#invoke:}}를 이용해 호출되면 {{#invoke:}}를 이용해 호출된 문서의 틀을 출력하고, 만약 틀 안에서 호출된다면 nil을 출력합니다.

예를 들어, 틀 {{Example}}은 {{#invoke:ModuleName|FunctionName|A|B}}과 같은 코드로 이루어져 있으며, 틀을 끼워 넣을 때는 {{Example|C|D}}와 같은 형식으로 끼워 넣기 합니다. 모듈 문서(Module:ModuleName)에서는 frame.args[1]과 frame.args[2]을 호출하므로써 "A"과 "B"을 출력할 것입니다. frame:getParent().args[1] 및 frame:getParent().args[2]를 호출하면 {{Example|C|D}}의 인수 "C"와 "D"가 코드로 전달됩니다.

frame:getTitle

frame:getTitle()

Returns the title associated with the frame as a string. For the frame created by {{#invoke:}}, this is the title of the module invoked.

frame:newChild

frame:newChild{ title = title, args = table }

Note the use of named arguments.

Create a new Frame object that is a child of the current frame, with optional arguments and title.

This is mainly intended for use in modules that call other modules whose name is defined by the caller (e.g. {{#invoke:params|concat_and_invoke}}), or in the debug console for testing functions that would normally be called by {{#invoke:}}. The number of frames that may be created at any one time is limited.

frame:preprocess

frame:preprocess( string )
frame:preprocess{ text = string }

This expands wikitext in the context of the frame, i.e. templates, parser functions, and parameters such as {{{1}}} are expanded, and returns the expanded text. Certain special tags written in XML-style notation, such as ‎<pre>, ‎<nowiki>, ‎<gallery> and ‎<ref>, will be replaced with "strip markers" — special strings which begin with a delete character (ASCII 127), to be replaced with HTML after they are returned from #invoke.

If you are expanding a single template, use frame:expandTemplate instead of trying to construct a wikitext string to pass to this method. It's faster and less prone to error if the arguments contain pipe characters or other wikimarkup.

If you are expanding a single parser function, use frame:callParserFunction for the same reasons.

frame:getArgument

frame:getArgument( arg )
frame:getArgument{ name = arg }

Gets an object for the specified argument, or nil if the argument is not provided.

The returned object has one method, object:expand(), that returns the expanded wikitext for the argument.

frame:newParserValue

frame:newParserValue( text )
frame:newParserValue{ text = text }

Returns an object with one method, object:expand(), that returns the result of frame:preprocess( text ).

frame:newTemplateParserValue

frame:newTemplateParserValue{ title = title, args = table }

Note the use of named arguments.

Returns an object with one method, object:expand(), that returns the result of frame:expandTemplate called with the given arguments.

frame:argumentPairs

frame:argumentPairs()

Same as pairs( frame.args ). Included for backwards compatibility.

해쉬 라이브러리

mw.hash.hashValue

mw.hash.hashValue( algo, value )

Hashes a string value with the specified algorithm. Valid algorithms may be fetched using mw.hash.listAlgorithms().

mw.hash.listAlgorithms

mw.hash.listAlgorithms()

Returns a list of supported hashing algorithms, for use in mw.hash.hashValue().

HTML 라이브러리

mw.html은 루아에서 복잡한 HTML를 작성하기 위한 플루언트 인터페이스입니다. mw.html 객체는 mw.html.create를 이용해 생성할 수 있습니다.

이 문서에 mw.html.name라는 문단으로 설명되어 있으며 함수들은 mw.html라는 전역 테이블에 선언되어 있습니다. mw.html:name이나 html:name의 형식으로 되어 있는 건 mw.html의 메서드입니다. html:name를 누르면 해당 문단으로 이동합니다. mw.html.create를 참고하세요

기초적인 예제는 다음과 같습니다.

local div = mw.html.create( 'div' )
div
     :attr( 'id', 'testdiv' )
     :css( 'width', '100%' )
     :wikitext( 'Some text' )
     :tag( 'hr' )
return tostring( div )
-- Output: <div id="testdiv" style="width:100%;">Some text<hr /></div>

mw.html.create

mw.html.create( tagName, args )

tagName에는 구현하고자 하는 html 태그 이름을 써넣습니다. html 요소를 포함하는 새로운 mw.html 객체를 생성합니다. 비어있는 문자열이나 nil 자료형도 태그의 이름으로 사용될 수 있는데, 이건 비어있는 mw.html 객체를 생성하는 데 이용할 수 있습니다.

args는 { '(테이블 요소)': '(요소의 값)' }처럼 테이블로 표현할 수 있으며, 뒤에 따라 붙는 인스턴스는 다음과 같은 것이 될 수 있습니다.

args.selfClosing: <태그>(내용)</태그>가 아닌 <태그 />처럼 강제로 자기 자신을 닫는 태그로 만드는 속성입니다.
args.parent: Parent of the current mw.html instance (intended for internal usage)

mw.html:node

html:node( builder )

Appends a child mw.html (builder) node to the current mw.html instance. If a nil parameter is passed, this is a no-op. A (builder) node is a string representation of an html element.

mw.html:wikitext

html:wikitext( ... )

Appends an undetermined number of wikitext strings to the mw.html object.

Note that this stops at the first nil item.

Basic wikitext will get parsed, like HTML, links, bold, lists or tables. However, templates and parser functions won't be evaluated if they are passed directly to this function, unless they came from template parameters. Those will be rendered in plain text instead. To evaluate them, they'll have to be passed through frame:preprocess.

mw.html:newline

html:newline()

Appends a newline to the mw.html object. Useful when used before and after mw.html:wikitext(), when the wikitext contains lists or tables, whose syntax only has a special meaning when present at the start of a line.

mw.html:tag

html:tag( tagName, args )

Appends a new child node with the given tagName to the builder, and returns a mw.html instance representing that new node. The args parameter is identical to that of mw.html.create

Note that contrarily to other methods such as html:node(), this method doesn't return the current mw.html instance, but the mw.html instance of the newly inserted tag. Make sure to use html:done() to go up to the parent mw.html instance, or html:allDone() if you have nested tags on several levels.

mw.html:attr

html:attr( name, value )
html:attr( table )

Set an HTML attribute with the given name and value on the node. Alternatively a table holding name->value pairs of attributes to set can be passed. In the first form, a value of nil causes any attribute with the given name to be unset if it was previously set.

mw.html:getAttr

html:getAttr( name )

Get the value of a html attribute previously set using html:attr() with the given name.

mw.html:addClass

html:addClass( class )

Adds a class name to the node's class attribute. If a nil parameter is passed, this is a no-op.

mw.html:css

html:css( name, value )
html:css( table )

Set a CSS property with the given name and value on the node. Alternatively a table holding name->value pairs of properties to set can be passed. In the first form, a value of nil causes any property with the given name to be unset if it was previously set.

mw.html:cssText

html:cssText( css )

Add some raw css to the node's style attribute. If a nil parameter is passed, this is a no-op.

mw.html:done

html:done()

Returns the parent node under which the current node was created. Like jQuery.end, this is a convenience function to allow the construction of several child nodes to be chained together into a single statement.

mw.html:allDone

html:allDone()

Like html:done(), but traverses all the way to the root node of the tree and returns it.

언어 라이브러리

Language codes are described at language code. Many of MediaWiki's language codes are similar to IETF language tags, but not all MediaWiki language codes are valid IETF tags or vice versa.

Functions documented as mw.language.name are available on the global mw.language table; functions documented as mw.language:name and lang:name are methods of a language object (see mw.language.new or mw.language.getContentLanguage).

mw.language.fetchLanguageName

mw.language.fetchLanguageName( code, inLanguage )

The full name of the language for the given language code: native name (language autonym) by default, name translated in target language if a value is given for inLanguage.

mw.language.fetchLanguageNames

mw.language.fetchLanguageNames()
mw.language.fetchLanguageNames( inLanguage )
mw.language.fetchLanguageNames( inLanguage, include )

Fetch the list of languages known to MediaWiki, returning a table mapping language code to language name.

By default the name returned is the language autonym; passing a language code for inLanguage returns all names in that language.

By default, only language names known to MediaWiki are returned; passing 'all' for include will return all available languages (from Extension:CLDR ), while passing 'mwfile' will include only languages having customized messages included with MediaWiki core or enabled extensions. To explicitly select the default, 'mw' may be passed.

mw.language.getContentLanguage

mw.language.getContentLanguage()
mw.getContentLanguage()

Returns a new language object for the wiki's default content language.

mw.language.getFallbacksFor

Fallback chains

mw.language.getFallbacksFor( code )

Returns a list of MediaWiki's fallback language codes for the specified code.

mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag

mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag( code )

Returns true if a language code is known to MediaWiki.

A language code is "known" if it is a "valid built-in code" (i.e. it returns true for mw.language.isValidBuiltInCode) and returns a non-empty string for mw.language.fetchLanguageName.

mw.language.isSupportedLanguage

mw.language.isSupportedLanguage( code )

Checks whether any localisation is available for that language code in MediaWiki.

A language code is "supported" if it is a "valid" code (returns true for mw.language.isValidCode), contains no uppercase letters, and has a message file in the currently-running version of MediaWiki.

It is possible for a language code to be "supported" but not "known" (i.e. returning true for mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag). Also note that certain codes are "supported" despite mw.language.isValidBuiltInCode returning false.

mw.language.isValidBuiltInCode

mw.language.isValidBuiltInCode( code )

Returns true if a language code is of a valid form for the purposes of internal customisation of MediaWiki.

The code may not actually correspond to any known language.

A language code is a "valid built-in code" if it is a "valid" code (i.e. it returns true for mw.language.isValidCode); consists of only ASCII letters, numbers, and hyphens; and is at least two characters long.

Note that some codes are "supported" (i.e. returning true from mw.language.isSupportedLanguage) even though this function returns false.

mw.language.isValidCode

mw.language.isValidCode( code )

Returns true if a language code string is of a valid form, whether or not it exists. This includes codes which are used solely for customisation via the MediaWiki namespace.

The code may not actually correspond to any known language.

A language code is valid if it does not contain certain unsafe characters (colons, single- or double-quotes, slashs, backslashs, angle brackets, ampersands, or ASCII NULs) and is otherwise allowed in a page title.

mw.language.new

mw.language.new( code )
mw.getLanguage( code )

Creates a new language object. Language objects do not have any publicly accessible properties, but they do have several methods, which are documented below.

There is a limit of 200 on the number of distinct language codes that may be used on a page. Exceeding this limit will result in errors.

mw.language:getCode

lang:getCode()

Returns the language code for this language object.

mw.language:toBcp47Code

lang:toBcp47Code()

Returns the standard BCP-47 language code for this language object. This is the code string which is appropriate to use in HTML, for example as the value of a lang attribute.

mw.language:getFallbackLanguages

lang:getFallbackLanguages()

Returns a list of MediaWiki's fallback language codes for this language object. Equivalent to mw.language.getFallbacksFor( lang:getCode() ).

mw.language:isRTL

lang:isRTL()

Returns true if the language is written right-to-left, false if it is written left-to-right.

mw.language:lc

lang:lc( s )

Converts the string to lowercase, honoring any special rules for the given language.

When the Ustring library is loaded, the mw.ustring.lower() function is implemented as a call to mw.language.getContentLanguage():lc( s ).

mw.language:lcfirst

lang:lcfirst( s )

Converts the first character of the string to lowercase, as with lang:lc().

mw.language:uc

lang:uc( s )

Converts the string to uppercase, honoring any special rules for the given language.

When the Ustring library is loaded, the mw.ustring.upper() function is implemented as a call to mw.language.getContentLanguage():uc( s ).

mw.language:ucfirst

lang:ucfirst( s )

Converts the first character of the string to uppercase, as with lang:uc().

mw.language:caseFold

lang:caseFold( s )

Converts the string to a representation appropriate for case-insensitive comparison. Note that the result may not make any sense when displayed.

mw.language:formatNum

lang:formatNum( n )
lang:formatNum( n, options )

Formats a number with grouping and decimal separators appropriate for the given language. Given 123456.78, this may produce "123,456.78", "123.456,78", or even something like "١٢٣٬٤٥٦٫٧٨" depending on the language and wiki configuration.

The options is a table of options, which can be:

noCommafy: Set true to omit grouping separators and use a dot (.) as the decimal separator.

Digit transformation may still occur, which may include transforming the decimal separator.

mw.language:formatDate

lang:formatDate( format, timestamp, local )

Formats a date according to the given format string. If timestamp is omitted, the default is the current time. The value for local must be a boolean or nil; if true, the time is formatted in the wiki's local time rather than in UTC.

The format string and supported values for timestamp are identical to those for the #time parser function from 확장기능:ParserFunctions . Note however that backslashes may need to be doubled in a Lua string literal, since Lua also uses backslash as an escape character while wikitext does not:

-- This string literal contains a newline, not the two characters "\n", so it is not equivalent to {{#time:\n}}.
lang:formatDate( '\n' )

-- This is equivalent to {{#time:\n}}, not {{#time:\\n}}.
lang:formatDate( '\\n' )

-- This is equivalent to {{#time:\\n}}, not {{#time:\\\\n}}.
lang:formatDate( '\\\\n' )

mw.language:formatDuration

lang:formatDuration( seconds )
lang:formatDuration( seconds, chosenIntervals )

Breaks a duration in seconds into more human-readable units, e.g. 12345 to 3 hours, 25 minutes and 45 seconds, returning the result as a string.

chosenIntervals, if given, is a table with values naming the interval units to use in the response. These include 'millennia', 'centuries', 'decades', 'years', 'weeks', 'days', 'hours', 'minutes', and 'seconds'.

mw.language:parseFormattedNumber

lang:parseFormattedNumber( s )

This takes a number as formatted by lang:formatNum() and returns the actual number. In other words, this is basically a language-aware version of tonumber().

mw.language:convertPlural

lang:convertPlural( n, ... )
lang:convertPlural( n, forms )
lang:plural( n, ... )
lang:plural( n, forms )

This chooses the appropriate grammatical form from forms (which must be a sequence table) or ... based on the number n. For example, in English you might use n .. ' ' .. lang:plural( n, 'sock', 'socks' ) or n .. ' ' .. lang:plural( n, { 'sock', 'socks' } ) to generate grammatically-correct text whether there is only 1 sock or 200 socks.

The necessary values for the sequence are language-dependent, see localization of magic words and translatewiki's FAQ on PLURAL for some details.

mw.language:convertGrammar

lang:convertGrammar( word, case )
lang:grammar( case, word )

Note the different parameter order between the two aliases. convertGrammar matches the order of the method of the same name on MediaWiki's Language object, while grammar matches the order of the parser function of the same name, documented at Help:Magic words#Localisation.

This chooses the appropriate inflected form of word for the given inflection code case.

The possible values for word and case are language-dependent, see Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localisation and translatewiki:Grammar for some details.

mw.language:gender

lang:gender( what, masculine, feminine, neutral )
lang:gender( what, { masculine, feminine, neutral } )

Chooses the string corresponding to the gender of what, which may be "male", "female", or a registered user name.

mw.language:getArrow

lang:getArrow( direction )

Returns a Unicode arrow character corresponding to direction:

forwards: Either "→" or "←" depending on the directionality of the language.
backwards: Either "←" or "→" depending on the directionality of the language.
left: "←"
right: "→"
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mw.language:getDir

lang:getDir()

Returns "ltr" or "rtl", depending on the directionality of the language.

mw.language:getDirMark

lang:getDirMark( opposite )

Returns a string containing either U+200E (the left-to-right mark) or U+200F (the right-to-left mark), depending on the directionality of the language and whether opposite is a true or false value.

mw.language:getDirMarkEntity

lang:getDirMarkEntity( opposite )

Returns "&lrm;" or "&rlm;", depending on the directionality of the language and whether opposite is a true or false value.

mw.language:getDurationIntervals

lang:getDurationIntervals( seconds )
lang:getDurationIntervals( seconds, chosenIntervals )

Breaks a duration in seconds into more human-readable units, e.g. 12345 to 3 hours, 25 minutes and 45 seconds, returning the result as a table mapping unit names to numbers.

chosenIntervals, if given, is a table with values naming the interval units to use in the response. These include 'millennia', 'centuries', 'decades', 'years', 'weeks', 'days', 'hours', 'minutes', and 'seconds'.

Those unit keywords are also the keys used in the response table. Only units with a non-zero value are set in the response, unless the response would be empty in which case the smallest unit is returned with a value of 0.

메시지 라이브러리

This library is an interface to the localisation messages and the MediaWiki: namespace.

Functions documented as mw.message.name are available on the global mw.message table; functions documented as mw.message:name and msg:name are methods of a message object (see mw.message.new).

mw.message.new

mw.message.new( key, ... )

Creates a new message object for the given message key. The remaining parameters are passed to the new object's params() method.

The message object has no properties, but has several methods documented below.

mw.message.newFallbackSequence

mw.message.newFallbackSequence( ... )

Creates a new message object for the given messages (the first one that exists will be used).

The message object has no properties, but has several methods documented below.

mw.message.newRawMessage

mw.message.newRawMessage( msg, ... )

Creates a new message object, using the given text directly rather than looking up an internationalized message. The remaining parameters are passed to the new object's params() method.

The message object has no properties, but has several methods documented below.

mw.message.rawParam

mw.message.rawParam( value )

Wraps the value so that it will not be parsed as wikitext by msg:parse().

mw.message.numParam

mw.message.numParam( value )

Wraps the value so that it will automatically be formatted as by lang:formatNum(). Note this does not depend on the Language library actually being available.

mw.message.getDefaultLanguage

mw.message.getDefaultLanguage()

Returns a Language object for the default language.

mw.message:params

msg:params( ... )
msg:params( params )

Add parameters to the message, which may be passed as individual arguments or as a sequence table. Parameters must be numbers, strings, or the special values returned by mw.message.numParam() or mw.message.rawParam(). If a sequence table is used, parameters must be directly present in the table; references using the __index metamethod will not work.