MediaWiki

Zugriff verhindern

This page is a translated version of the page Manual:Preventing access and the translation is 13% complete.
Outdated translations are marked like this.
Languages:

Hilfe zur Konfiguration von Benutzerrechten siehe Manual:Benutzerrechte . Diese Seite enthält nützliche Beispiele zur Einschränkung des Zugriffs.

Nähere Informationen zur Bearbeitung von LocalSettings.php findest du unter Manual:LocalSettings.php .

Simple private wiki

For the common use case of "a private wiki, for oneself and approved others", you need to:

Warnung Warnung: See the warnings in the sections below; this is simple "general use" code, and may or may not match your requirements.
# Disable reading by anonymous users
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['read'] = false;

# Disable anonymous editing
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['edit'] = false;

# Prevent new user registrations except by sysops
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['createaccount'] = false;

Depending on what extensions you have installed, you may want to whitelist more pages. For example if you are using the Erweiterung:ConfirmAccount extension, you probably want Special:RequestAccount whitelisted. If the content language of your wiki is not English, you may have to use the translated name of the special pages in question.

Restrict account creation

To restrict account creation, you need to edit LocalSettings.php in the root path of your MediaWiki installation. 

# Prevent new user registrations except by sysops
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['createaccount'] = false;
You can use the ConfirmAccount extension if you want to set up an account confirmation queue. (If not you may still proceed as follows.)
New users will still be able to be created by sysops, in the following manner:
  1. Go to Special:Userlogin, when logged in as a sysop.
  1. Click on "Create an account" link to get to the account creation form.
  1. Enter a username and an email address, and click the "by email" button.

Note you need $wgEnableEmail=true or else the sysop must pick a password and send it to the user.

  1. The account will be created with a random password which is then emailed to the given address (as with the "forgot password" feature).

The user will be requested to change password at first login; when they do this, the email address will also be marked as confirmed.

  1. When you click the "create account" button instead, you have to manually send the user their password. If you've set $wgMinimalPasswordLength=0 (default configuration up to version 1.15) and you've left the password field blank, the user will be emailed an email address confirmation request but will be unable to access Special:Confirmemail to perform the confirmation. Instead, the user will get an error (unless you've added it to $wgWhitelistRead ); the user will be able to login with a blank password and then confirm email, but their password will not have been reset (it will have to be reset manually).

It may be appropriate to edit the text displayed when a non-user attempts to log in. This can be done at MediaWiki:Nosuchuser, when logged in as a sysop. Use plain text without any special formatting, as the formatting is ignored and the text is literally rendered. (Might have changed, see bug 12952).

You may also modify the contents of the email sent to new users by editing the page MediaWiki:Createaccount-text.

To prevent even sysops from creating accounts: 

# Prevent new user registrations by anyone
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['createaccount'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['createaccount'] = false;

To add a message on top of the login form, modify MediaWiki:Loginprompt.

Restrict editing

Restrict editing of all pages

Users will still be able to read pages with these modifications, and they can view the source by using Special:Export/Article name or other methods. Siehe auch bug 1859.

Siehe Help:User rights und Handbuch:$wgGroupPermissions . If you use Erweiterung:Missbrauchsfilter , any wiki admin can also put various restrictions in place.

Some examples of how to protect all pages from editing (not reading) by certain classes of users:

Restrict anonymous editing

Requires that a user be registered before they can edit. 

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['edit'] = false;

Restrict editing by all non-sysop users

Requires that a user be a member of the administrators (sysop) usergroup. 

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['edit'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['user']['edit'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['edit'] = true;

Restrict editing by absolutely everyone

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['edit'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['user']['edit'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['edit'] = false;

Beschränkte Bearbeitung eines gesamten Namensraumes

MediaWiki Version:
≥ 1.10

Ab MediaWiki version 1.10 ist es möglich ganze Namensräume unter der Verwendung der Variable $wgNamespaceProtection zu schützen. Beispiele: 

# Only allow autoconfirmed users to edit Project namespace
$wgNamespaceProtection[NS_PROJECT] = array( 'autoconfirmed' );

# Don't allow anyone to edit non-talk pages until they've confirmed their
# email address (assuming we have no custom namespaces and allow edits
# from non-emailconfirmed users to start with)
# Note for 1.13: emailconfirmed group and right were removed from default
# setup, if you want to use it, you'll have to re-enable it manually
$wgNamespaceProtection[NS_MAIN]     = $wgNamespaceProtection[NS_USER]  =
$wgNamespaceProtection[NS_PROJECT]  = $wgNamespaceProtection[NS_IMAGE] =
$wgNamespaceProtection[NS_TEMPLATE] = $wgNamespaceProtection[NS_HELP]  =
$wgNamespaceProtection[NS_CATEGORY] = array( 'emailconfirmed' );

# Only allow sysops to edit "Policy" namespace
$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['editpolicy'] = true;
$wgNamespaceProtection[NS_POLICY] = array( 'editpolicy' );

Beachte, dass im letzte Fall vorausgesetzt wird das ein benutzerdefinierter Namensraum besteht und das NS_POLICY eine definierte Konstante gleich der Namensraum-Nummer ist. Siehe Handbuch:Verwendung von benutzerdefinierten Namensräumen und Manual:Namespace constants für eine Liste der Kernnamensräumen in MediaWiki.

Beschränkte Bearbeitung von bestimmten speziellen Seiten

Benutze das ll|Manual:Administrators#Protection Feature. Als Grundeinstellung kann jeder sysop Seiten schützen, sodass nur andere sysop's diese bearbeiten können. In 1.9 und höher können in der Grundeinstellung auch "autoconfirmed" Benutzer (mit einem Konto älter als einer eingestellte Dauer) geschützte Seiten bearbeiten. Das erfordert nicht die Bearbeitung der Konfigurationsdateien.

Wenn Du eine Seite für eine Gruppe mit bestimmten Berechtigungen einschränken möchtest, dann bearbeite $wgRestrictionLevels . Um andere Vorgänge als Bearbeiten und Verschieben zu verhindern, dann nutze $wgRestrictionTypes .

Beschränkte Bearbeitung von allen ausser einigen Seiten

To impose a blanket restriction on editing for all pages, but allow a few (such as sandboxes, join request pages, etc.) to be more generously editable, you can use the EditSubpages extension. This may not fit too often, but you could also use the Restrict editing of certain specific pages method mentioned above, with all name spaces protected, and only a special one editable by everyone which has all the pages you want editable.

Restrict editing for certain IP address ranges

Schools and other institutions may want to block all edits not from a few specified IP address ranges. To do so, see Manual:Block and unblock . The only way to do this at present without modifying the code is to go to Special:Blockip and systematically rangeblock every one of the address ranges that you don't want to be able to edit. This will work for all future versions of MediaWiki. It will not work on a per-namespace basis.

Restrict editing by a particular user

Use the user blocking functionality to deprive a user of all edit access. MediaWiki does not include a possibility to give rights to separate users directly; instead rights are always given to a user group. There is no way in the core software to change permissions of particular users in order to restrict or allow editing particular pages, except by changing their usergroup.

Restrict creating of all pages

Revoking the edit right already prevents affected users from creating new pages and talk pages.
# Anonymous users can't create pages
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['createpage'] = false;

# Only users with accounts four days old or older can create pages
# Requires MW 1.6 or higher.
$wgGroupPermissions['*'            ]['createpage'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['user'         ]['createpage'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['createpage'] = true;

Restrict creating pages in certain namespaces

There are separate rights for creating talk pages (createtalk) and creating non-talk pages (createpage). If you need per-namespace control finer than that, it is not possible in core MediaWiki, and requires an extension such as Extension:Lockdown .

Restrict access to uploaded files

→ Manual:Image authorization , img_auth.php , Manual:User rights (read)

If you have enabled the ability to upload files, these will be served directly by the underlying web server. As a result, account-based access to the file is unrestricted by default.

Warnung Warnung:' Wenn du das Benutzerrecht read (Seiten anzeigen lassen) auf false setzt, werden nur Wiki-Seiten (Artikel, Talk, ...) geschützt, doch hochgeladene Dateien (Bilder, Dateien, Dokumente... in den $wgUploadPath -Unterverzeichnissen) bleiben standardmäßig immer über direkten Zugriff lesbar.
Verwende die Informationen der Seiten Manual:Image authorization und img_auth.php , wenn du die Ansicht von Bildern und das Herunterladen von Dateien auf eingeloggte Benutzer/innen beschränken willst.

Example for access restriction to uploaded files in the server configuration

If sensitive files are uploaded to an internet-accessible wiki, you may wish to add restrictions on where these can be accessed from. On Apache, if your local network were 10.1.2.*, you could restrict serving files to local addresses with: 

  <Location /mediawiki/images>
    Order deny,allow
    Allow from 10.1.2.3
    Deny from all
  </Location>

Restrict viewing

Restrict viewing of all pages

Warnung Warnung: If you want anonymous users to be unable to view the wiki markup/code, you should not allow them to edit any page (see #Restrict editing of all pages above). If they can edit any page, they can use template inclusion to view even pages they can't edit. This may be possible to avoid by using $wgNonincludableNamespaces
Warnung Warnung: This method allows any visitor to view the wiki after creating an account. You may wish to combine it with #Restrict account creation above.
Warnung Warnung: Uploaded images will still be viewable to anyone who knows the image directory's name. Either point $wgUploadPath to the img_auth.php script and follow the instructions in Manual:Image authorization , or use some external method to protect images, like .htaccess.
Warnung Warnung: Wiki pages like MediaWiki:Common.css and MediaWiki:Gadget-foo.css may be part of a public ResourceLoader module, and thus can have their source code exposed through load.php. Turn off $wgUseSiteJs and $wgUseSiteCss to disable this functionality.
If anonymous users can't view your page, neither can search engines. Your site will not be indexed on Google.

Add this line to your LocalSettings.php file: 

# Disable reading by anonymous users
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['read'] = false;

# But allow them to read e.g., these pages:
$wgWhitelistRead = [ "Main Page", "Help:Contents" ];

The $wgWhitelistRead setting allows users to view the main page. If page names have more than one word, use a space " " between them, not an underscore "_".

In addition to the main page of such a private site, you could give access to the Recentchanges page (if you think that its content isn't private) for feed readers by adding Special:Recentchanges to $wgWhitelistRead .

If you need to protect even the sidebar, main page, or login screen for any reason, it's recommended that you use higher-level authentication such as .htpasswd or equivalent.

Warnung Warnung: MediaWiki von 1.32 bis 1.35.4, 1.36.2, 1.37.0 enthält ein Sicherheitsproblem, das die unberechtigte Bearbeitung beliebiger Seiten und die Ausführung beliebiger JavaScript-Dateien ermöglicht. Wenn du eine dieser Versionen verwendest und nicht auf eine neuere Version upgraden kannst, findest du unter Sicherheitsveröffentlichung Dezember 2021 – Häufige Fragen einen Workaround.
Although Special:Listusers won't be available, it can be determined if a username is correct from Userlogin errors. You may want to give a common text for MediaWiki:wrongpassword and MediaWiki:nosuchusershort.

Restrict viewing of certain specific pages

To prevent anyone but sysops from viewing a page, it can simply be deleted . To prevent even sysops from viewing it, it can be removed more permanently using Manual:RevisionDelete . To completely destroy the text of the page, it can be manually removed from the database. In any case, the page cannot be edited while in this state, and for most purposes no longer exists.

To have a page act normally for some users but be invisible to others, as is possible for instance in most forum software, is a very different matter. MediaWiki is designed for two basic access modes:

  1. Everyone can view every single page on the wiki (with the possible exception of a few special pages).

This is the mode used by Wikipedia and its sister projects.

  1. Anonymous users can only view the Main Page and login page, and cannot edit any page.

This is basically the same as the above, in terms of technical implementation (just an extra check for every page view), which is why it exists. This is the mode of operation used by certain private wikis such as those used by various Wikimedia committees.

If you intend to have different view permissions than that, MediaWiki is not designed for your usage. (Siehe T3924.) Data is not necessarily clearly delineated by namespace, page name, or other criteria, and there are a lot of leaks you'll have to plug if you want to make it so (see security issues with authorization extensions for a sample). Other wiki software may be more suitable for your purpose. You have been warned. If you must use MediaWiki, there are three basic possibilities:

  1. Set your wiki up private and whitelist specific pages that will be public with $wgWhitelistRead in the LocalSetting.php file.

See the section above.

  1. Set up separate wikis with a shared user database , configure one as viewable and one as unviewable (see above), and make interwiki links between them.
  1. Install a third-party hack or extension.

You will have to reapply it every time you upgrade the software, and it may not be updated immediately when new security fixes or upgrades of MediaWiki are released. Third-party hacks are, of course, not supported by MediaWiki developers, and if you're having problems you shouldn't ask on MediaWiki-l, #mediawiki, or other official support channels. A number of hacks are listed in Kategorie:Seitenspezifische Benutzerrechteerweiterungen . Read about security issues with authorization extensions if you plan to use one of those.

Restricting exporting

Siehe auch: Handbuch:Parameter für Spezial:Export

It is not possible to export the contents of a page that cannot be read since r19935.

One can remove the login/create account link from the upper right corner of all pages, as users can still go to Special:SpecialPages > Special:UserLogin to login. In LocalSettings.php use (tested with MediaWiki 1.16) 

function NoLoginLinkOnMainPage( &$personal_urls ){
    unset( $personal_urls['login'] );
    unset( $personal_urls['anonlogin'] );
    return true;
}
$wgHooks['PersonalUrls'][]='NoLoginLinkOnMainPage';

Removing accounts

If you want to completely remove access to a user, e.g. on a simple private wiki, it's not possible to simply delete the account (unless no edits have been made ); you can block it, but the user will still be able to read pages. However, using User Merge and Delete extension you can merge the account in another one and delete the former; the original account will then "disappear". If you want to preserve history readability (i.e., to have edits from the user to be still shown under their name), you can create a new account e.g. with username "OriginalUserName (deactivated)" and then merge "OriginalUserName" into the former, or even use Renameuser extension to rename "OriginalUserName" into "AnotherUserName", then create an account under "OriginalUserName" and merge "AnotherUserName" into it: in this manner, "OriginalUserName" will be completely "usurped" (if you've set a non-null password).

Since MediaWiki 1.16.0, it is possible to set $wgBlockDisablesLogin to true to prevent access and reading to blocked users.

Other restrictions

You may want to have pages editable only by their creator, or ban viewing of history, or any of a number of other things. None of these features are available in an unhacked version of MediaWiki. If you need more fine-grained permissions, see the #See also section for links to other wiki packages that are designed for this, as well as hacks that attempt to contort MediaWiki into something it's not designed to be but may work anyway.

Siehe auch

There are some related manual/help pages that may be of interest:

Other wiki software may have better support for fine-grained access control than MediaWiki:

If you want better access control but want to use MediaWiki, this is a list of extensions and hacks to allow restrictions not possible in the software proper. These hacks may be out-of-date (check the version they're for). Please don't ask in official MediaWiki support channels if something goes wrong with a third-party hack.

Retrieved from "https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Manual:Preventing_access/de&oldid=6695819"