User:TJones (WMF)/Notes/TextCat Optimization for ptwiki ruwiki and jawiki

July 2016 — See TJones_(WMF)/Notes for other projects. (Phabricator ticket: T138315)

TextCat Optimization for ptwiki, ruwiki, and jawiki

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Summary of Results

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Using the default 3K models, the best options for each wiki are presented below:

ptwiki

  • languages: Portuguese, English, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Greek
  • lang codes: pt, en, ru, he, ar, zh, ko, el
  • relevant poor-performing queries: 46%
  • f0.5: 96.9%

ruwiki

  • languages: Russian, English, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese
  • lang codes: ru, en, uk, ka, hy, ja, ar, he, zh
  • relevant poor-performing queries: 30.5%
  • f0.5: 92.4%

jawiki

  • languages:  Japanese, English, Russian, Korean, Arabic, Hebrew
  • lang codes:  ja, en, ru, ko, ar, he
  • relevant poor-performing queries: 50%
  • f0.5: 95.1%

Background

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See the earlier report on frwiki, eswiki, itwiki, and dewiki for information on how the corpora were created.

Portuguese Results

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About 12% of the original 10K corpus was removed in the initial filtering. A 1000-query random sample was taken, and 48% of those queries were discarded, leaving a 524-query corpus. Thus only about 46% of low-performing queries are in an identifiable language.

Other languages searched on ptwiki

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Based on the sample of 524 poor-performing queries on ptwiki that are in some language, about 80% are in Portuguese, 4% in English, and fewer than 1% each are in a handful of other languages.

Below are the results for ptwiki, with raw counts, percentage, and 95% margin of error.

count lg % +/-
490 pt 93.51% 2.11%
25 en 4.77% 1.83%
4 es 0.76% 0.75%
1 tl 0.19% 0.37%
1 ru 0.19% 0.37%
1 nl 0.19% 0.37%
1 la 0.19% 0.37%
1 fr 0.19% 0.37%

In order, those are Portuguese, English, Spanish, Tagalog, Russian, Dutch, Latin, and French.

We don’t have query-trained language models for all of the languages represented here, namely Tagalog and Latin. Since these each represent very small slices of our corpus (1 query each), we aren’t going to worry about them, and accept that they will not be detected correctly.

Looking at the larger corpus of 8797 remaining queries after the initial filtering, focusing on queries in other writing systems, there are also a small number of Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, and Greek queries, and Burmese (for which we do not have models).

Analysis and Optimization

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Using all of the language models available, I ran tests on various model sizes, in increments of 500 up to 5,000 and increments of 1,000 up to 10,000. Results for the 3K models, and some of the models that did better are here:

 model size   3000    5000    6000    9000    10000
      TOTAL   86.8%   87.4%   88.0%   88.2%   88.7%
 Portuguese   93.2%   93.6%   93.9%   94.2%   94.5%
    English   78.4%   80.0%   81.6%   76.6%   76.6%
    Spanish   13.1%   13.6%   13.8%   14.3%   15.1%
      Dutch   28.6%   25.0%   25.0%   28.6%   33.3%
     French   28.6%   33.3%   40.0%   33.3%   28.6%
      Latin    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
    Russian  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
    Tagalog    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

Performance details for the 3K model are here (details for larger models are similar in terms of which language models perform the most poorly):

               f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses
      TOTAL     86.8%   86.8%   86.8%   86.8%   86.8%  524     455     69
 Portuguese     97.2%   93.2%   89.6%   87.3%  100.0%  490     428     0
    English     77.5%   78.4%   79.4%   80.0%   76.9%  25      20      6
    Spanish      8.6%   13.1%   27.4%  100.0%    7.0%  4       4       53
      Dutch     20.0%   28.6%   50.0%  100.0%   16.7%  1       1       5
     French     20.0%   28.6%   50.0%  100.0%   16.7%  1       1       5
      Latin      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
    Russian    100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
    Tagalog      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
               f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses

Spanish does very poorly, with way too many false positives. Dutch and French aren’t terrible in terms of raw false positives, but aren’t great, either.

As noted above, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, and Greek are present in the larger sample, and as our models for these languages are very high accuracy, I’ve included them.

The final language set is Portuguese, English, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, and Greek. With these languages, 3K is the optimal model size. The 3K results are shown below along with other top-performing model sizes:

 model size    2500    3000    9000    10000
      TOTAL    96.9%   96.9%   96.9%   96.9%
 Portuguese    98.9%   98.8%   98.7%   98.7%
    English    79.4%   80.6%   82.0%   81.4%
    Spanish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
      Dutch     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
     French     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
      Latin     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
    Russian   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
    Tagalog     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

The detailed report for the 3K model is here:

              f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses
      TOTAL    96.9%   96.9%   96.9%   96.9%   96.9%  524     508     16
 Portuguese    99.0%   98.8%   98.5%   98.4%   99.2%  490     482     4
    English    72.3%   80.6%   91.2%  100.0%   67.6%  25      25      12
    Spanish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  4       0       0
      Dutch     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
     French     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
      Latin     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
    Russian   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
    Tagalog     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
              f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses

Recall went up and precision went down for Portuguese and English, but overall performance improved. Queries in unrepresented languages were all identified as English, except for Spanish queries, which were identified as Portuguese (decreasing precision for both), but those now unused models are no longer generating lots of false positives and bringing down precision overall.

ptwiki: Best Options

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The optimal settings for ptwiki, based on these experiments, would be to use models for Portuguese, English, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Greek (pt, en, ru, he, ar, zh, ko, el), using the default 3000-ngram models.

Russian Results

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About 10.7% of the original 10K corpus was removed in the initial filtering. A 1500-query random sample was taken, and 65.8% of those queries were discarded, leaving a 512-query corpus. Thus only about 30.5% of low-performing queries are in an identifiable language.

Other languages searched on ruwiki

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Based on the sample of 512 poor-performing queries on ruwiki that are in some language, about 77% are in Russian, >10% in English, <5% in Ukrainian, and fewer than 1% each are in a handful of other languages.

Below are the results for ruwiki, with raw counts, percentage, and 95% margin of error.

count lg % +/-
394 ru 76.95% 3.65%
67 en 13.09% 2.92%
25 uk 4.88% 1.87%
4 kk 0.78% 0.76%
4 de 0.78% 0.76%
3 ka 0.59% 0.66%
2 uz 0.39% 0.54%
2 ky 0.39% 0.54%
2 hy 0.39% 0.54%
1 ro 0.20% 0.38%
1 lv 0.20% 0.38%
1 ja 0.20% 0.38%
1 it 0.20% 0.38%
1 fr 0.20% 0.38%
1 fi 0.20% 0.38%
1 es 0.20% 0.38%
1 az 0.20% 0.38%
1 ar 0.20% 0.38%

In order, those are Russian, English, Ukrainian, Kazakh, German, Georgian, Uzbek, Kirghiz, Armenian, Romanian, Latvian, Japanese, Italian, French, Finnish, Spanish, Azerbaijani, and Arabic.

We don’t have query-trained language models for all of the languages represented here, such as Azerbaijani, Finnish, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Latvian, Romanian, and Uzbek. Since these each represent very small slices of our corpus (< 5 queries each), we aren’t going to worry about them, and accept that they will not be detected correctly.

Looking at the larger corpus of 8,931 remaining queries after the initial filtering, focusing on queries in other writing systems, there are also a small number of Hebrew and Chinese queries.

Analysis and Optimization

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Using all of the language models available, I ran tests on various model sizes, in increments of 500 up to 5,000 and increments of 1,000 up to 10,000. Results for the 3K models, and some of the models that did better are here:

    model size     3000    4500    5000    7000
          TOTAL    88.5%   89.5%   90.0%   91.2%
        Russian    96.7%   96.8%   97.2%   97.6%
        English    76.4%   80.0%   78.9%   82.1%
      Ukrainian    67.7%   68.9%   72.4%   78.0%
         German    40.0%   53.3%   50.0%   53.3%
         Kazakh     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
       Georgian   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
       Armenian   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
        Kirghiz     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
          Uzbek     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
         Arabic   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
    Azerbaijani     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
        Finnish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
         French     0.0%    0.0%    33.3%   40.0%
        Italian    20.0%   18.2%   20.0%   22.2%
       Japanese   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
        Latvian     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
       Romanian     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
        Spanish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

Performance details for the 3K model are here (details for larger models are similar in terms of which language models perform the most poorly):

                f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses
        TOTAL    88.5%   88.5%   88.5%   88.5%   88.5%  512     453     59
      Russian    97.1%   96.7%   96.2%   95.9%   97.4%  394     378     10
      English    87.9%   76.4%   67.5%   62.7%   97.7%  67      42      1
    Ukrainian    60.7%   67.7%   76.6%   84.0%   56.8%  25      21      16
       German    29.4%   40.0%   62.5%  100.0%   25.0%  4       4       12
       Kazakh     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  4       0       0
     Georgian   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  3       3       0
     Armenian   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  2       2       0
      Kirghiz     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  2       0       0
        Uzbek     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  2       0       0
       Arabic   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
  Azerbaijani     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
      Finnish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
       French     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       5
      Italian    13.5%   20.0%   38.5%  100.0%   11.1%  1       1       8
     Japanese   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
      Latvian     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
     Romanian     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
      Spanish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       7
                f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses

French, Spanish, Italian, and German all do very poorly, with too many false positives.

As noted above, Hebrew and Chinese are present in the larger sample, and as our models for these languages are very high accuracy, I’ve included them.

The final language set is Russian, English, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese. As above, 3K is not the optimal model size, but it is within 1.5%. The 3K results are shown below along with the best performing model sizes:

   model size   3000    4500    5000    7000
        TOTAL   92.4%   92.6%   93.2%   93.8%
      Russian   96.7%   96.8%   97.2%   97.6%
      English   91.2%   91.2%   91.2%   91.2%
    Ukrainian   67.7%   68.9%   72.4%   78.0%
       German    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
       Kazakh    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
     Georgian  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
     Armenian  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
      Kirghiz    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
        Uzbek    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
       Arabic  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
  Azerbaijani    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
      Finnish    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
       French    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
      Italian    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
     Japanese  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
      Latvian    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
     Romanian    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
      Spanish     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%

The accuracy is very high, and the differences are reasonably small, so it makes sense to stick with the default 3K models for now, but keep an eye out for significant performance improvements with other model sizes.

The detailed report for the 3K model is here:

                 f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses
        TOTAL     92.4%   92.4%   92.4%   92.4%   92.4%  512     473     39
      Russian     97.1%   96.7%   96.2%   95.9%   97.4%  394     378     10
      English     86.6%   91.2%   96.3%  100.0%   83.8%  67      67      13
    Ukrainian     60.7%   67.7%   76.6%   84.0%   56.8%  25      21      16
       German      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  4       0       0
       Kazakh      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  4       0       0
     Georgian    100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  3       3       0
     Armenian    100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  2       2       0
      Kirghiz      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  2       0       0
        Uzbek      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  2       0       0
       Arabic    100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
  Azerbaijani      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
      Finnish      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
       French      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
      Italian      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
     Japanese    100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
      Latvian      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
     Romanian      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
      Spanish      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
                 f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses

Recall went way up and precision went down for English, but overall performance improved. Queries in unrepresented languages were all identified as English (decreasing precision), but those now unused models are no longer generating lots of false positives and bringing down precision overall.

ruwiki: Best Options

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The slightly sub-optimal settings (though consistent with others using 3K models) for ruwiki, based on these experiments, would be to use models for Russian, English, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese (ru, en, uk, ka, hy, ja, ar, he, zh), using the default 3000-ngram models.

Notes on Latin Russian, Cyrillic English, etc.

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Since I recently did some work on typing on the wrong keyboard in Russian and English, I enabled the models for Latin Russian and Cyrillic English for the first 1000 random samples I looked at. I did not include the additional filters mentioned in my previous write up, since I only use the models at that stage to roughly group queries for manual review.

Of the 21 (2.1%) identified as Cyrillic English (i.e., English typed on a Russian or other Cyrillic keyboard),

  • 6 were Cyrillic English (including 2 very short acronyms)
  • 1 was mixed (Cyrillic/Latin), but it converted to something plausible
  • 8 were Russian/Cyrillic (including names, acronyms, typos)
  • 3 more were very short (2-3 letters)
  • 3 were junk

Of the 16 (1.6%) identified as Latin Russian (i.e., Russian typed on an American English or other Latin keyboard),

  • 13 were Latin Russian/Cyrillic (including names)
  • 1 was a name in Cyrillic
  • 2 were apparent junk (1 of which was also mixed Cyrillic/Latin)

In passing, while working on the queries, I also noticed:

  • several Russian queries transliterated into Latin, sometimes identified as Polish, sometimes mixed with English
  • a few Latin queries (including names) transliterated into Russian
  • at least one each of Georgian and Armenian transliterated into Latin
  • a couple of cases of Devanagari transliterated into Cyrillic

Sounds like there is a decent-sized chunk of queries to improve by identifying and transliterating queries. Phonetic keyboards or transliterated queries will be harder, since they at least look like language even in the wrong character set (i.e., there are enough vowels in reasonable places).

Japanese Results

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About 7% of the original 10K corpus was removed in the initial filtering. A 1000-query random sample was taken, and 47% of those queries were discarded, leaving a 534-query corpus. Thus only about 50% of low-performing queries are in an identifiable language.

Notes on language identification

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It’s not uncommon to see Japanese names—of people, places, anime, manga—transliterated into Latin characters in all of the query corpora that I’ve looked at, but there are a lot more in jawiki. So the Manga “One Piece” in Japanese is “ワンピース” (“One Piece” transliterated in Japanese), but “Wan Pisu” (the Japanese name transliterated back into the Latin alphabet) is somewhere in between. For the purposes of this analysis, these were discarded as “names” (though something like “one piece”, while being a name, is made up of English words).

Similar transliteration for Indian movies is also common, though not in jawiki.

Other languages searched on jawiki

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Based on the sample of 534 poor-performing queries on jawiki that are in some language, almost 90% are in Japanes, about 6% are in English, 4% in Chinese, and fewer than 1% each are in a handful of other languages.

Below are the results for jawiki, with raw counts, percentage, and 95% margin of error.

count lg % +/-
474 ja 88.76% 2.68%
33 en 6.18% 2.04%
23 zh 4.31% 1.72%
1 ru 0.19% 0.37%
1 ko 0.19% 0.37%
1 kk 0.19% 0.37%
1 de 0.19% 0.37%

In order, those are Japanese, English, Chinese, Russian, Korean, Kazakh, and German.

We don’t have query-trained language models for all of the languages represented here, in particular Kazakh. Since it represents a tiny slice of our corpus (1 query), we aren’t going to worry about it, and accept that it will not be detected correctly.

Looking at the larger corpus of 9292 remaining queries after the initial filtering, focusing on queries in other writing systems, there are also a small number of Arabic and Hebrew queries.

Analysis and Optimization

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Using all of the language models available, I ran tests on various model sizes, in increments of 500 up to 5,000 and increments of 1,000 up to 10,000. Results for the 3K models, and some of the models that did better are here:

 model size    3000    3500    4000    4500    6000    7000    8000    9000    10000
      TOTAL    88.2%   88.8%   89.1%   89.5%   89.9%   90.4%   90.6%   91.2%   91.6%
   Japanese    93.4%   93.6%   93.9%   94.1%   94.6%   94.9%   95.0%   95.3%   95.5%
    English    96.9%   98.5%   98.5%   98.5%   93.7%   93.7%   93.7%   95.2%   95.2%
    Chinese    41.2%   40.8%   41.7%   43.8%   45.7%   47.2%   47.7%   50.6%   51.8%
     German    40.0%   50.0%   50.0%   50.0%   40.0%   40.0%   40.0%   40.0%   40.0%
     Kazakh     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%
     Korean   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%
    Russian    66.7%   66.7%   66.7%   66.7%   66.7%   66.7%   66.7%   66.7%   66.7%

Performance details for the 3K model are here (details for larger models are similar in terms of which language models perform the most poorly):

              f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses
      TOTAL    88.2%   88.2%   88.2%   88.2%   88.2%  534     471     63
   Japanese    97.1%   93.4%   89.9%   87.8%   99.8%  474     416     1
    English    98.7%   96.9%   95.1%   93.9%  100.0%  33      31      0
    Chinese    31.0%   41.2%   61.4%   91.3%   26.6%  23      21      58
     German    29.4%   40.0%   62.5%  100.0%   25.0%  1       1       3
     Kazakh     0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0
     Korean   100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0
    Russian    55.6%   66.7%   83.3%  100.0%   50.0%  1       1       1
              f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses

Chinese does very poorly, with too many false positives. German isn’t terrible in terms of raw false positives, but isn’t great, either. (The Russian false positive is the Kazakh query, which we don’t have a model for.)

As noted above, Arabic and Hebrew are present in the larger sample, and as our models for these languages are very high accuracy, I’ve included them.

The final language set is Japanese, English, Russian, Korean, Arabic, Hebrew. As above, 3K is not the optimal model size, but it is very close once optimized by language, with most of the advantage of the larger models closed by using a better set of languages. The 3K results are shown below along with the best performing model sizes:

 model size    3000    4500    
      TOTAL    95.1%   95.3%   
   Japanese    98.1%   98.1%   
    English    89.2%   91.7%   
    Chinese     0.0%    0.0%    
     German     0.0%    0.0%    
     Kazakh     0.0%    0.0%    
     Korean   100.0%  100.0%  
    Russian    66.7%   66.7%   

The accuracy is very high, and the differences are very small (~0.2%), so it makes sense to stick with the default 3K models for now, but keep an eye out for significant performance improvements with other model sizes.

The detailed report for the 3K model is here:

               f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses
      TOTAL     95.1%   95.1%   95.1%   95.1%   95.1%  534     508     26
   Japanese     97.2%   98.1%   99.1%   99.8%   96.5%  474     473     17
    English     93.2%   95.7%   98.2%  100.0%   91.7%  33      33      3 
    Chinese      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  23      0       0 
     German      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0 
     Kazakh      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  1       0       0 
     Korean    100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  100.0%  1       1       0 
    Russian     55.6%   66.7%   83.3%  100.0%   50.0%  1       1       1 
     Arabic      0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%    0.0%  0       0       5 
               f0.5    f1      f2      recall  prec    total   hits    misses

Recall went up and precision went down for Japanese and English, but overall performance improved. Most queries in the unrepresented languages were identified as either Japanese of English (decreasing precision for both), but those now unused models are no longer generating lots of false positives and bringing down precision overall. The Kazakh query showed up as Russian and the German as English (due to using the same character set). A small number of Chinese queries were tagged as Arabic, probably because they have no characters in common with any of the models, so all the models scored the same, and tied results are sorted alphabetically. (This supports the idea of adding some additional sort of confidence measure to TextCat.)

jawiki: Best Options

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The barely sub-optimal settings (though consistent with others using 3K models) for jawiki, based on these experiments, would be to use models for Japanese, English, Russian, Korean, Arabic, Hebrew (ja, en, ru, ko, ar, he), using the default 3000-ngram models.